The μPSD32xx family, from ST, consists of Flash programmable system devices with a 8032 MicrocontrollerCore. Of these, the μPSD3234A and μPSD3254A are notable for having a complete implementationof the USB hardware directly on the chip, complying with the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision1.1.This application note describes a demonstration program that has been written for the DK3200 hardwaredemonstration kit (incorporating a μPSD3234A device). It gives the user an idea of how simple it is to workwith the device, using the HID class as a ready-made device driver for the USB connection.IN-APPLICATION-PROGRAMMING (IAP) AND IN-SYSTEM-PROGRAMMING (ISP)Since the μPSD contains two independent Flash memory arrays, the Micro Controller Unit (MCU) can executecode from one memory while erasing and programming the other. Product firmware updates in thefield can be reliably performed over any communication channel (such as CAN, Ethernet, UART, J1850)using this unique architecture. For In-Application-Programming (IAP), all code is updated through theMCU. The main advantage for the user is that the firmware can be updated remotely. The target applicationruns and takes care on its own program code and data memory.IAP is not the only method to program the firmware in μPSD devices. They can also be programmed usingIn-System-Programming (ISP). A IEEE1149.1-compliant JTAG interface is included on the μPSD. Withthis, the entire device can be rapidly programmed while soldered to the circuit board (Main Flash memory,Secondary Boot Flash memory, the PLD, and all configuration areas). This requires no MCU participation.The MCU is completely bypassed. So, the μPSD can be programmed or reprogrammed any time, anywhere, even when completely uncommitted.Both methods take place with the device in its normal hardware environment, soldered to a printed circuitboard. The IAP method cannot be used without previous use of ISP, because IAP utilizes a small amountof resident code to receive the service commands, and to perform the desired operations.
标签： Demonstration 3200 USB for
上传时间： 2014-02-27
上传用户：zhangzhenyu
Internal Interrupts are used to respond to asynchronous requests from a certain part of themicrocontroller that needs to be serviced. Each peripheral in the TriCore as well as theBus Control Unit, the Debug Unit, the Peripheral Control Processor (PCP) and the CPUitself can generate an Interrupt Request.So what is an external Interrupt?An external Interrupt is something alike as the internal Interrupt. The difference is that anexternal Interrupt request is caused by an external event. Normally this would be a pulseon Port0 or Port1, but it can be even a signal from the input buffer of the SSC, indicatingthat a service is requested.The User’s Manual does not explain this aspect in detail so this ApNote will explain themost common form of an external Interrupt request. This ApNote will show that there is aneasy way to react on a pulse on Port0 or Port1 and to create with this impulse an InterruptService Request. Later in the second part of the document, you can find hints on how todebounce impulses to enable the use of a simple switch as the input device.Note: You will find additional information on how to setup the Interrupt System in theApNote “First steps through the TriCore Interrupt System” (AP3222xx)1. It would gobeyond the scope of this document to explain this here, but you will find selfexplanatoryexamples later on.
上传时间： 2013-10-27
上传用户：zhangyigenius
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上传时间： 2014-04-02
上传用户：han_zh
微处理器及微型计算机的发展概况 第一代微处理器是以Intel公司1971年推出的4004，4040为代表的四位微处理机。 第二代微处理机（1973年~1977年），典型代表有：Intel 公司的8080、8085；Motorola公司的M6800以及Zlog公司的Z80。 第三代微处理机 第三代微机是以16位机为代表，基本上是在第二代微机的基础上发展起来的。其中Intel公司的8088。8086是在8085的基础发展起来的；M68000是Motorola公司在M6800 的基础发展起来的； 第四代微处理机 以Intel公司1984年10月推出的80386CPU和1989年4月推出的80486CPU为代表， 第五代微处理机的发展更加迅猛，1993年3月被命名为PENTIUM的微处理机面世，98年PENTIUM 2又被推向市场。 INTEL CPU 发展历史Intel第一块CPU 4004,4位主理器,主频108kHz,运算速度0.06MIPs(Million Instructions Per Second, 每秒百万条指令),集成晶体管2,300个,10微米制造工艺,最大寻址内存640 bytes,生产曰期1971年11月. 8085,8位主理器,主频5M,运算速度0.37MIPs,集成晶体管6,500个,3微米制造工艺,最大寻址内存64KB,生产曰期1976年 8086,16位主理器,主频4.77/8/10MHZ,运算速度0.75MIPs,集成晶体管29,000个,3微米制造工艺,最大寻址内存1MB,生产曰期1978年6月. 80486DX,DX2,DX4,32位主理器,主频25/33/50/66/75/100MHZ,总线频率33/50/66MHZ,运算速度20~60MIPs,集成晶体管1.2M个,1微米制造工艺,168针PGA,最大寻址内存4GB,缓存8/16/32/64KB,生产曰期1989年4月 Celeron一代, 主频266/300MHZ(266/300MHz w/o L2 cache, Covington芯心 (Klamath based),300A/333/366/400/433/466/500/533MHz w/128kB L2 cache, Mendocino核心 (Deschutes-based), 总线频率66MHz,0.25微米制造工艺,生产曰期1998年4月) Pentium 4 (478针),至今分为三种核心:Willamette核心(主频1.5G起,FSB400MHZ,0.18微米制造工艺),Northwood核心(主频1.6G~3.0G,FSB533MHZ,0.13微米制造工艺, 二级缓存512K),Prescott核心(主频2.8G起,FSB800MHZ,0.09微米制造工艺,1M二级缓存,13条全新指令集SSE3),生产曰期2001年7月. 更大的缓存、更高的频率、 超级流水线、分支预测、乱序执行超线程技术 微型计算机组成结构单片机简介单片机即单片机微型计算机，是将计算机主机(CPU、 内存和I/O接口)集成在一小块硅片上的微型机。 三、计算机编程语言的发展概况 机器语言 机器语言就是0，1码语言，是计算机唯一能理解并直接执行的语言。汇编语言 用一些助记符号代替用0，1码描述的某种机器的指令系统，汇编语言就是在此基础上完善起来的。高级语言 BASIC，PASCAL，C语言等等。用高级语言编写的程序称源程序，它们必须通过编译或解释，连接等步骤才能被计算机处理。 面向对象语言 C++，Java等编程语言是面向对象的语言。 1.3 微型计算机中信息的表示及运算基础（一） 十进制ND有十个数码：0～9，逢十进一。 例 1234.5=1×103 +2×102 +3×101 +4×100 +5×10-1加权展开式以10称为基数，各位系数为0～9，10i为权。 一般表达式：ND= dn-1×10n-1+dn-2×10n-2 +…+d0×100 +d-1×10-1+… （二） 二进制NB两个数码：0、1, 逢二进一。 例 1101.101=1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20+1×2-1+1×2-3 加权展开式以2为基数，各位系数为0、1， 2i为权。 一般表达式： NB = bn-1×2n-1 + bn-2×2n-2 +…+b0×20 +b-1×2-1+… （三）十六进制NH十六个数码0～9、A～F，逢十六进一。 例：DFC.8=13×162 +15×161 +12×160 +8×16-1 展开式以十六为基数，各位系数为0～9，A～F，16i为权。 一般表达式： NH= hn-1×16n-1+ hn-2×16n-2+…+ h0×160+ h-1×16-1+… 二、不同进位计数制之间的转换 （二）二进制与十六进制数之间的转换 24=16 ，四位二进制数对应一位十六进制数。举例：（三）十进制数转换成二、十六进制数整数、小数分别转换 1.整数转换法“除基取余”：十进制整数不断除以转换进制基数，直至商为0。每除一次取一个余数，从低位排向高位。举例： 2. 小数转换法“乘基取整”：用转换进制的基数乘以小数部分，直至小数为0或达到转换精度要求的位数。每乘一次取一次整数，从最高位排到最低位。举例： 三、带符号数的表示方法 机器数：机器中数的表示形式。真值： 机器数所代表的实际数值。举例:一个8位机器数与它的真值对应关系如下： 真值： X1=+84=+1010100B X2=-84= -1010100B 机器数：[X1]机= 01010100 [X2]机= 11010100(二)原码、反码、补码最高位为符号位，0表示 “+”，1表示“－”。 数值位与真值数值位相同。 例 8位原码机器数： 真值： x1 = +1010100B x2 =－ 1010100B 机器数： [x1]原 = 01010100 [x2]原 = 11010100原码表示简单直观,但0的表示不唯一，加减运算复杂。 正数的反码与原码表示相同。 负数反码符号位为 1，数值位为原码数值各位取反。 例 8位反码机器数： x= +4： [x]原= 00000100 [x]反= 00000100 x= -4： [x]原= 10000100 [x]反= 111110113、补码（Two’s Complement）正数的补码表示与原码相同。 负数补码等于2n－abs（x）8位机器数表示的真值四、 二进制编码例：求十进制数876的BCD码 876= 1000 0111 0110 BCD 876= 36CH = 1101101100B 2、字符编码 美国标准信息交换码ASCII码，用于计算 机与计算机、计算机与外设之间传递信息。 3、汉字编码 “国家标准信息交换用汉字编码”（GB2312-80标准），简称国标码。 用两个七位二进制数编码表示一个汉字 例如“巧”字的代码是39H、41H汉字内码例如“巧”字的代码是0B9H、0C1H1·4 运算基础 一、二进制数的运算加法规则：“逢2进1” 减法规则：“借1当2” 乘法规则：“逢0出0，全1出1”二、二—十进制数的加、减运算 BCD数的运算规则 循十进制数的运算规则“逢10进1”。但计算机在进行这种运算时会出现潜在的错误。为了解决BCD数的运算问题，采取调整运算结果的措施：即“加六修正”和“减六修正”例：10001000(BCD)+01101001(BCD) =000101010111(BCD) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ＋ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ＋ 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ……调整 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 进位 例： 10001000(BCD)－ 01101001(BCD)= 00011001(BCD) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 － 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 － 0 1 1 0 ……调整 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 三、 带符号二进制数的运算 1.5 几个重要的数字逻辑电路编码器译码器计数器微机自动工作的条件程序指令顺序存放自动跟踪指令执行1.6 微机基本结构微机结构各部分组成连接方式1、以CPU为中心的双总线结构；2、以内存为中心的双总线结构；3、单总线结构CPU结构管脚特点 1、多功能；2、分时复用内部结构 1、控制; 2、运算; 3、寄存器; 4、地址程序计数器堆栈定义 1、定义；2、管理；3、堆栈形式
上传时间： 2013-10-17
上传用户：erkuizhang
用单片机配置FPGA—PLD设计技巧 Configuration/Program Method for Altera Device Configure the FLEX Device You can use any Micro-Controller to configure the FLEX device–the main idea is clocking in ONE BITof configuration data per CLOCK–start from the BIT 0The total Configuration time–e.g. 10K10 need 15K byte configuration file•calculation equation–10K10* 1.5= 15Kbyte–configuration time for the file itself•15*1024*8*clock = 122,880Clock•assume the CLOCK is 4MHz•122,880*1/4Mhz=30.72msec
上传时间： 2013-10-09
上传用户：a67818601
This application note describes how the existing dual-port block memories in the Spartan™-IIand Virtex™ families can be used as Quad-Port memories. This essentially involves a dataaccess time (halved) versus functionality (doubled) trade-off. The overall bandwidth of the blockmemory in terms of bits per second will remain the same.
上传时间： 2013-11-08
上传用户：lou45566
This application note covers the design considerations of a system using the performance features of the LogiCORE™ IP Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) Interconnect core. The design focuses on high system throughput through the AXI Interconnect core with F MAX and area optimizations in certain portions of the design. The design uses five AXI video direct memory access (VDMA) engines to simultaneously move 10 streams (five transmit video streams and five receive video streams), each in 1920 x 1080p format, 60 Hz refresh rate, and up to 32 data bits per pixel. Each VDMA is driven from a video test pattern generator (TPG) with a video timing controller (VTC) block to set up the necessary video timing signals. Data read by each AXI VDMA is sent to a common on-screen display (OSD) core capable of multiplexing or overlaying multiple video streams to a single output video stream. The output of the OSD core drives the DVI video display interface on the board. Performance monitor blocks are added to capture performance data. All 10 video streams moved by the AXI VDMA blocks are buffered through a shared DDR3 SDRAM memory and are controlled by a MicroBlaze™ processor. The reference system is targeted for the Virtex-6 XC6VLX240TFF1156-1 FPGA on the Xilinx® ML605 Rev D evaluation board
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：fdmpy
1 Communication Protocol (Computer as master) The communication protocol describes here allows your computer to access 4096 internal registers (W0000-W4095) and 1024 internal relays (B0000-B1023) in the Workstation.. 1.1 Request Message Format Request message is a command message to be sent from the computer to the Workstation. The data structure of request message is shown below. Note that numbers are always in hexadecimal form and converted into ASCII characters. For example, Workstation unit number 14 will appear in the message as character 0(30h) followed by character E(45h); a BCC of 5Ah will appear in the message as character 5(35h) followed by character A(41h).
上传时间： 2013-10-28
上传用户：cxl274287265
很多不同的厂家生产各种型号的计算机，它们运行完全不同的操作系统，但TCP.IP协议族允许它们互相进行通信。这一点很让人感到吃惊，因为它的作用已远远超出了起初的设想。T C P / I P起源于6 0年代末美国政府资助的一个分组交换网络研究项目，到9 0年代已发展成为计算机之间最常应用的组网形式。它是一个真正的开放系统，因为协议族的定义及其多种实现可以不用花钱或花很少的钱就可以公开地得到。它成为被称作“全球互联网”或“因特网(Internet)”的基础，该广域网（WA N）已包含超过1 0 0万台遍布世界各地的计算机。本章主要对T C P / I P协议族进行概述，其目的是为本书其余章节提供充分的背景知识。 TCP.IP协议 缩略语 ACK (ACKnowledgment) TCP首部中的确认标志 API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解析协议 ARPANET(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) (美国)国防部远景研究规划局 AS (Autonomous System) 自治系统 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 美国信息交换标准码 ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) 抽象语法记法1 BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议 BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 伯克利I n t e r n e t域名 BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol) 引导程序协议 BPF (BSD Packet Filter) BSD 分组过滤器 CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) 无类型域间选路 CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange) 商业互联网交换 CLNP (ConnectionLess Network Protocol) 无连接网络协议 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验 CSLIP (Compressed SLIP) 压缩的S L I P CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) 载波侦听多路存取 DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备 DDN (Defense Data Network) 国防数据网 DF (Don’t Fragment) IP首部中的不分片标志 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议 DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) 数据链路提供者接口 DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统 DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) 目的服务访问点 DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频 DTS (Distributed Time Service) 分布式时间服务 DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播选路协议 EBONE (European IP BackbONE) 欧洲I P主干网 EOL (End of Option List) 选项清单结束 EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议 EIA (Electronic Industries Association) 美国电子工业协会 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 光纤分布式数据接口 FIFO (First In, First Out) 先进先出 FIN (FINish) TCP首部中的结束标志 FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name) 完全合格的域名 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传送协议 HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 高级数据链路控制 HELLO 选路协议 IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Internet体系结构委员会 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Internet号分配机构 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Internet控制报文协议 IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol) 域间选路协议 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) （美国）电气与电子工程师协会 IEN (Internet Experiment Notes) 互联网试验注释 IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) Internet工程指导小组 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Internet工程专门小组 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Internet组管理协议 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Internet报文存取协议 IP (Internet Protocol) 网际协议 I RTF (Internet Research Task Force) Internet研究专门小组 IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol) 中间系统到中间系统协议 ISN (Initial Sequence Number) 初始序号 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织 ISOC (Internet SOCiety) Internet协会 LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网 LBX (Low Bandwidth X) 低带宽X LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议 LFN (Long Fat Net) 长肥网络 LIFO (Last In, First Out) 后进先出 LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制 LSRR (Loose Source and Record Route) 宽松的源站及记录路由 MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt) Internet上的多播主干网 MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库 MILNET (MILitary NETwork) 军用网 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用I n t e r n e t邮件扩充 MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime) 报文段最大生存时间 MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最大报文段长度 M TA (Message Transfer Agent) 报文传送代理 MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) 最大传输单元 NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议 NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统 NIC (Network Information Center) 网络信息中心 NIT (Network Interface Tap) 网络接口栓（S u n公司的一个程序） NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 网络新闻传送协议 NOAO (National Optical Astronomy Observatories) 国家光学天文台 NOP (No Operation) 无操作 NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) 国家科学基金网络 NSI (NASA Science Internet) （美国）国家宇航局I n t e r n e t NTP (Network Time Protocol) 网络时间协议 NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) 网络虚拟终端 OSF (Open Software Foudation) 开放软件基金 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 开放系统互连 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 开放最短通路优先 PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence number) 防止回绕的序号 PDU (Protocol Data Unit) 协议数据单元 POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) 可移植操作系统接口 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 点对点协议 PSH (PuSH) TCP首部中的急迫标志 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 逆地址解析协议 RFC (Request For Comments) Internet的文档，其中的少部分成为标准文档 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 路由信息协议 RPC (Remote Procedure Call) 远程过程调用 RR (Resource Record) 资源记录 RST (ReSeT) TCP首部中的复位标志 RTO (Retransmission Time Out) 重传超时 RTT (Round-Trip Time) 往返时间 SACK (Selective ACKnowledgment) 有选择的确认 SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) 串行线路I n t e r n e t协议 SMI (Structure of Management Information) 管理信息结构 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 简单邮件传送协议 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 简单网络管理协议 SSAP (Source Service Access Point) 源服务访问点 SSRR (Strict Source and Record Route) 严格的源站及记录路由 SWS (Silly Window Syndrome) 糊涂窗口综合症 SYN (SYNchronous) TCP首部中的同步序号标志 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议 TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) 简单文件传送协议 TLI (Transport Layer Interface) 运输层接口 TTL (Ti m e - To-Live) 生存时间或寿命 TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses) 具有更长地址的T C P和U D P Telnet 远程终端协议 UA (User Agent) 用户代理 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用户数据报协议 URG (URGent) TCP首部中的紧急指针标志 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 协调的统一时间 UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) Unix到U n i x的复制 WAN (Wide Area Network) 广域网 WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网 XDR (eXternal Data Representation) 外部数据表示 XID (transaction ID) 事务标识符 XTI (X/Open Transport Layer Interface) X/ O p e n运输层接口
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：tdyoung
