Abstract: Transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) are widely used to translate the current output of sensors like photodiode-to-voltagesignals, since several circuits and instruments can only accept voltage input. An operational amplifier with a feedback resistor fromoutput to the inverting input is the most straightforward implementation of such a TIA. However, even this simple TIA circuit requirescareful trade-offs among noise gain, offset voltage, bandwidth, and stability. Clearly stability in a TIA is essential for good, reliableperformance. This application note explains the empirical calculations for assessing stability and then shows how to fine-tune theselection of the feedback phase-compensation capacitor.
标签： Transimpedance Stabilize Amplifier Your
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：daoyue
Photodiodes can be broken into two categories: largearea photodiodes with their attendant high capacitance(30pF to 3000pF) and smaller area photodiodes withrelatively low capacitance (10pF or less). For optimalsignal-to-noise performance, a transimpedance amplifi erconsisting of an inverting op amp and a feedback resistoris most commonly used to convert the photodiode currentinto voltage. In low noise amplifi er design, large areaphotodiode amplifi ers require more attention to reducingop amp input voltage noise, while small area photodiodeamplifi ers require more attention to reducing op amp inputcurrent noise and parasitic capacitances.
上传时间： 2013-10-28
上传用户：hanbeidang
Designers of signal receiver systems often need to performcascaded chain analysis of system performancefrom the antenna all the way to the ADC. noise is a criticalparameter in the chain analysis because it limits theoverall sensitivity of the receiver. An application’s noiserequirement has a signifi cant infl uence on the systemtopology, since the choice of topology strives to optimizethe overall signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range andseveral other parameters. One problem in noise calculationsis translating between the various units used by thecomponents in the chain: namely the RF, IF/baseband,and digital (ADC) sections of the circuit.
上传时间： 2014-12-05
上传用户：cylnpy
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
上传时间： 2013-11-12
上传用户：pans0ul
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design I enjoyed reading this book for a number of reasons. One reason is that itaddresses high-speed analog design in the context of microwave issues. This isan advanced-level book, which should follow courses in basic circuits andtransmission lines. Most analog integrated circuit designers in the past workedon applications at low enough frequency that microwave issues did not arise.As a consequence, they were adept at lumped parameter circuits and often notcomfortable with circuits where waves travel in space. However, in order todesign radio frequency (RF) communications integrated circuits (IC) in thegigahertz range, one must deal with transmission lines at chip interfaces andwhere interconnections on chip are far apart. Also, impedance matching isaddressed, which is a topic that arises most often in microwave circuits. In mycareer, there has been a gap in comprehension between analog low-frequencydesigners and microwave designers. Often, similar issues were dealt with in twodifferent languages. Although this book is more firmly based in lumped-elementanalog circuit design, it is nice to see that microwave knowledge is brought inwhere necessary.Too many analog circuit books in the past have concentrated first on thecircuit side rather than on basic theory behind their application in communications.The circuits usually used have evolved through experience, without asatisfying intellectual theme in describing them. Why a given circuit works bestcan be subtle, and often these circuits are chosen only through experience. Forthis reason, I am happy that the book begins first with topics that require anintellectual approach—noise, linearity and filtering, and technology issues. Iam particularly happy with how linearity is introduced (power series). In therest of the book it is then shown, with specific circuits and numerical examples,how linearity and noise issues arise.
上传时间： 2014-12-23
上传用户：han_zh
模拟集成电路的设计与其说是一门技术，还不如说是一门艺术。它比数字集成电路设计需要更严格的分析和更丰富的直觉。严谨坚实的理论无疑是严格分析能力的基石，而设计者的实践经验无疑是诞生丰富直觉的源泉。这也正足初学者对学习模拟集成电路设计感到困惑并难以驾驭的根本原因。.美国加州大学洛杉机分校(UCLA)Razavi教授凭借着他在美国多所著名大学执教多年的丰富教学经验和在世界知名顶级公司(AT&T，Bell Lab，HP)卓著的研究经历为我们提供了这本优秀的教材。本书自2000午出版以来得到了国内外读者的好评和青睐，被许多国际知名大学选为教科书。同时，由于原著者在世界知名顶级公司的丰富研究经历，使本书也非常适合作为CMOS模拟集成电路设计或相关领域的研究人员和工程技术人员的参考书。... 本书介绍模拟CMOS集成电路的分析与设计。从直观和严密的角度阐述了各种模拟电路的基本原理和概念，同时还阐述了在SOC中模拟电路设计遇到的新问题及电路技术的新发展。本书由浅入深，理论与实际结合，提供了大量现代工业中的设计实例。全书共18章。前10章介绍各种基本模块和运放及其频率响应和噪声。第11章至第13章介绍带隙基准、开关电容电路以及电路的非线性和失配的影响，第14、15章介绍振荡器和锁相环。第16章至18章介绍MOS器件的高阶效应及其模型、CMOS制造工艺和混合信号电路的版图与封装。 1 Introduction to Analog Design 2 Basic MOS Device Physics 3 Single-Stage Amplifiers 4 Differential Amplifiers 5 Passive and Active Current Mirrors 6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 7 noise 8 Feedback 9 Operational Amplifiers 10 Stability and Frequency Compensation 11 Bandgap References 12 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor Circuits 13 Nonlinearity and Mismatch 14 Oscillators 15 Phase-Locked Loops 16 Short-Channel Effects and Device Models 17 CMOS Processing Technology 18 Layout and Packaging
上传时间： 2014-12-23
上传用户：杜莹12345
印刷电路板（PCB）设计解决方案市场和技术领军企业Mentor Graphics（Mentor Graphics）宣布推出HyperLynx® PI（电源完整性）产品，满足业内高端设计者对于高性能电子产品的需求。HyperLynx PI产品不仅提供简单易学、操作便捷，又精确的分析，让团队成员能够设计可行的电源供应系统；同时缩短设计周期，减少原型生成、重复制造，也相应降低产品成本。随着当今各种高性能/高密度/高脚数集成电路的出现，传输系统的设计越来越需要工程师与布局设计人员的紧密合作，以确保能够透过众多PCB电源与接地结构，为IC提供纯净、充足的电力。配合先前推出的HyperLynx信号完整性（SI）分析和确认产品组件，Mentor Graphics目前为用户提供的高性能电子产品设计堪称业内最全面最具实用性的解决方案。“我们拥有非常高端的用户，受到高性能集成电路多重电压等级和电源要求的驱使，需要在一个单一的PCB中设计30余套电力供应结构。”Mentor Graphics副总裁兼系统设计事业部总经理Henry Potts表示。“上述结构的设计需要快速而准 确的直流压降(DC Power Drop)和电源杂讯(Power noise)分析。拥有了精确的分析信息，电源与接地层结构和解藕电容数(de-coupling capacitor number)以及位置都可以决定，得以避免过于保守的设计和高昂的产品成本。”
上传时间： 2013-11-18
上传用户：362279997
随着系统设计复杂性和集成度的大规模提高，电子系统设计师们正在从事100MHZ以上的电路设计，总线的工作频率也已经达到或者超过50MHZ，有一大部分甚至超过100MHZ。目前约80% 的设计的时钟频率超过50MHz，将近50% 以上的设计主频超过120MHz，有20%甚至超过500M。当系统工作在50MHz时，将产生传输线效应和信号的完整性问题；而当系统时钟达到120MHz时，除非使用高速电路设计知识，否则基于传统方法设计的PCB将无法工作。因此，高速电路信号质量仿真已经成为电子系统设计师必须采取的设计手段。只有通过高速电路仿真和先进的物理设计软件，才能实现设计过程的可控性。传输线效应基于上述定义的传输线模型，归纳起来，传输线会对整个电路设计带来以下效应。 · 反射信号Reflected signals · 延时和时序错误Delay & Timing errors · 过冲(上冲/下冲)Overshoot/Undershoot · 串扰Induced noise (or crosstalk) · 电磁辐射EMI radiation
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：lx9076
数字与模拟电路设计技巧IC与LSI的功能大幅提升使得高压电路与电力电路除外，几乎所有的电路都是由半导体组件所构成，虽然半导体组件高速、高频化时会有EMI的困扰，不过为了充分发挥半导体组件应有的性能，电路板设计与封装技术仍具有决定性的影响。 模拟与数字技术的融合由于IC与LSI半导体本身的高速化，同时为了使机器达到正常动作的目的，因此技术上的跨越竞争越来越激烈。虽然构成系统的电路未必有clock设计，但是毫无疑问的是系统的可靠度是建立在电子组件的选用、封装技术、电路设计与成本，以及如何防止噪讯的产生与噪讯外漏等综合考虑。机器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低频/高频、大功率信号/小功率信号、高输出阻抗/低输出阻抗、大电流/小电流、模拟/数字电路，经常出现在同一个高封装密度电路板，设计者身处如此的环境必需面对前所未有的设计思维挑战，例如高稳定性电路与吵杂(noisy)性电路为邻时，如果未将噪讯入侵高稳定性电路的对策视为设计重点，事后反复的设计变更往往成为无解的梦魇。模拟电路与高速数字电路混合设计也是如此，假设微小模拟信号增幅后再将full scale 5V的模拟信号，利用10bit A/D转换器转换成数字信号，由于分割幅宽祇有4.9mV，因此要正确读取该电压level并非易事，结果造成10bit以上的A/D转换器面临无法顺利运作的窘境。另一典型实例是使用示波器量测某数字电路基板两点相隔10cm的ground电位，理论上ground电位应该是零，然而实际上却可观测到4.9mV数倍甚至数十倍的脉冲噪讯(pulse noise)，如果该电位差是由模拟与数字混合电路的grand所造成的话，要测得4.9 mV的信号根本是不可能的事情，也就是说为了使模拟与数字混合电路顺利动作，必需在封装与电路设计有相对的对策，尤其是数字电路switching时，ground vance noise不会入侵analogue ground的防护对策，同时还需充分检讨各电路产生的电流回路(route)与电流大小，依此结果排除各种可能的干扰因素。以上介绍的实例都是设计模拟与数字混合电路时经常遇到的瓶颈，如果是设计12bit以上A/D转换器时，它的困难度会更加复杂。
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：731140412
Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei ZhangThesis submitted to the Faculty of theVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei Zhang(ABSTRACT)This work presents the modeling and analysis of EMI and thermal performancefor switch power supply by using the CAD tools. The methodology and design guidelinesare developed.By using a boost PFC circuit as an example, an equivalent circuit model is builtfor EMI noise prediction and analysis. The parasitic elements of circuit layout andcomponents are extracted analytically or by using CAD tools. Based on the model, circuitlayout and magnetic component design are modified to minimize circuit EMI. EMI filtercan be designed at an early stage without prototype implementation.In the second part, thermal analyses are conducted for the circuit by using thesoftware Flotherm, which includes the mechanism of conduction, convection andradiation. Thermal models are built for the components. Thermal performance of thecircuit and the temperature profile of components are predicted. Improved thermalmanagement and winding arrangement are investigated to reduce temperature.In the third part, several circuit layouts and inductor design examples are checkedfrom both the EMI and thermal point of view. Insightful information is obtained.
上传时间： 2013-11-10
上传用户：1595690
