All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上传时间： 2014-04-02
上传用户：han_zh
CAN与RS232转换节点的设计与实现 介绍将CAN总线接口与RS232总线接口相互转换的设计方法和2种总线电平转换关系，实现CAN总线与各模块的接口设计，制定了相应的软硬件设计方案，并给出软件设计流程图以及部分硬件设计原理图。为CAN总线与RS232总线互联提供了一种方法，对CAN总线与RS232总线接口设备的互联和广泛应用的实现具有重要意义。关键词：CAN总线；RS-232总线；串行通信Design and Realization of CAN and RS232 Transformation NodeZHOU Wei, CHENG Xiao-hong(Information Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070)【Abstract】This paper introduces one design method of the CAN bus interface and the RS232 bus interface interconversion, emphasizes two kindof bus level transformation relations, realizes the CAN bus and various modules connection design, formulates the design proposal of correspondingsoftware and hardware, and gives the flow chart of software design as well as the partial schematic diagram of hardware design. It providesonemethod for the CAN bus and the RS232 bus interconnection, has the vital significance to widespread application realization of the CAN busand theRS232 bus interface equipment interconnection.【Key words】CAN bus; RS-232 bus; serial communication
上传时间： 2013-11-04
上传用户：leesuper
九.输入/输出保护为了支持多任务，80386不仅要有效地实现任务隔离，而且还要有效地控制各任务的输入/输出，避免输入/输出冲突。本文将介绍输入输出保护。 这里下载本文源代码。 <一>输入/输出保护80386采用I/O特权级IPOL和I/O许可位图的方法来控制输入/输出，实现输入/输出保护。 1.I/O敏感指令输入输出特权级(I/O Privilege Level)规定了可以执行所有与I/O相关的指令和访问I/O空间中所有地址的最外层特权级。IOPL的值在如下图所示的标志寄存器中。 标 志寄存器 BIT31—BIT18 BIT17 BIT16 BIT15 BIT14 BIT13—BIT12 BIT11 BIT10 BIT9 BIT8 BIT7 BIT6 BIT5 BIT4 BIT3 BIT2 BIT1 BIT0 00000000000000 VM RF 0 NT IOPL OF DF IF TF SF ZF 0 AF 0 PF 1 CF I/O许可位图规定了I/O空间中的哪些地址可以由在任何特权级执行的程序所访问。I/O许可位图在任务状态段TSS中。 I/O敏感指令 指令 功能 保护方式下的执行条件 CLI 清除EFLAGS中的IF位 CPL<=IOPL STI 设置EFLAGS中的IF位 CPL<=IOPL IN 从I/O地址读出数据 CPL<=IOPL或I/O位图许可 INS 从I/O地址读出字符串 CPL<=IOPL或I/O位图许可 OUT 向I/O地址写数据 CPL<=IOPL或I/O位图许可 OUTS 向I/O地址写字符串 CPL<=IOPL或I/O位图许可 上表所列指令称为I/O敏感指令，由于这些指令与I/O有关，并且只有在满足所列条件时才可以执行，所以把它们称为I/O敏感指令。从表中可见，当前特权级不在I/O特权级外层时，可以正常执行所列的全部I/O敏感指令；当特权级在I/O特权级外层时，执行CLI和STI指令将引起通用保护异常，而其它四条指令是否能够被执行要根据访问的I/O地址及I/O许可位图情况而定(在下面论述)，如果条件不满足而执行，那么将引起出错码为0的通用保护异常。 由于每个任务使用各自的EFLAGS值和拥有自己的TSS，所以每个任务可以有不同的IOPL，并且可以定义不同的I/O许可位图。注意，这些I/O敏感指令在实模式下总是可执行的。 2.I/O许可位图如果只用IOPL限制I/O指令的执行是很不方便的，不能满足实际要求需要。因为这样做会使得在特权级3执行的应用程序要么可访问所有I/O地址，要么不可访问所有I/O地址。实际需要与此刚好相反，只允许任务甲的应用程序访问部分I/O地址，只允许任务乙的应用程序访问另一部分I/O地址，以避免任务甲和任务乙在访问I/O地址时发生冲突，从而避免任务甲和任务乙使用使用独享设备时发生冲突。 因此，在IOPL的基础上又采用了I/O许可位图。I/O许可位图由二进制位串组成。位串中的每一位依次对应一个I/O地址，位串的第0位对应I/O地址0，位串的第n位对应I/O地址n。如果位串中的第位为0，那么对应的I/O地址m可以由在任何特权级执行的程序访问；否则对应的I/O地址m只能由在IOPL特权级或更内层特权级执行的程序访问。如果在I/O外层特权级执行的程序访问位串中位值为1的位所对应的I/O地址，那么将引起通用保护异常。 I/O地址空间按字节进行编址。一条I/O指令最多可涉及四个I/O地址。在需要根据I/O位图决定是否可访问I/O地址的情况下，当一条I/O指令涉及多个I/O地址时，只有这多个I/O地址所对应的I/O许可位图中的位都为0时，该I/O指令才能被正常执行，如果对应位中任一位为1，就会引起通用保护异常。 80386支持的I/O地址空间大小是64K，所以构成I/O许可位图的二进制位串最大长度是64K个位，即位图的有效部分最大为8K字节。一个任务实际需要使用的I/O许可位图大小通常要远小于这个数目。 当前任务使用的I/O许可位图存储在当前任务TSS中低端的64K字节内。I/O许可位图总以字节为单位存储，所以位串所含的位数总被认为是8的倍数。从前文中所述的TSS格式可见，TSS内偏移66H的字确定I/O许可位图的开始偏移。由于I/O许可位图最长可达8K字节，所以开始偏移应小于56K，但必须大于等于104，因为TSS中前104字节为TSS的固定格式，用于保存任务的状态。 1.I/O访问许可检查细节保护模式下处理器在执行I/O指令时进行许可检查的细节如下所示。 (1)若CPL<=IOPL，则直接转步骤(8)；(2)取得I/O位图开始偏移；(3)计算I/O地址对应位所在字节在I/O许可位图内的偏移；(4)计算位偏移以形成屏蔽码值，即计算I/O地址对应位在字节中的第几位；(5)把字节偏移加上位图开始偏移，再加1，所得值与TSS界限比较，若越界，则产生出错码为0的通用保护故障；(6)若不越界，则从位图中读对应字节及下一个字节；(7)把读出的两个字节与屏蔽码进行与运算，若结果不为0表示检查未通过，则产生出错码为0的通用保护故障；(8)进行I/O访问。设某一任务的TSS段如下： TSSSEG SEGMENT PARA USE16 TSS <> ;TSS低端固定格式部分 DB 8 DUP(0) ;对应I/O端口00H—3FH DB 10000000B ;对应I/O端口40H—47H DB 01100000B ;对用I/O端口48H—4FH DB 8182 DUP(0ffH) ;对应I/O端口50H—0FFFFH DB 0FFH ;位图结束字节TSSLen = $TSSSEG ENDS 再假设IOPL=1，CPL=3。那么如下I/O指令有些能正常执行，有些会引起通用保护异常： in al,21h ;(1)正常执行 in al,47h ;(2)引起异常 out 20h,al ;(3)正常实行 out 4eh,al ;(4)引起异常 in al,20h ;(5)正常执行 out 20h,eax ;(6)正常执行 out 4ch,ax ;(7)引起异常 in ax,46h ;(8)引起异常 in eax,42h ;(9)正常执行 由上述I/O许可检查的细节可见，不论是否必要，当进行许可位检查时，80386总是从I/O许可位图中读取两个字节。目的是为了尽快地执行I/O许可检查。一方面，常常要读取I/O许可位图的两个字节。例如，上面的第(8)条指令要对I/O位图中的两个位进行检查，其低位是某个字节的最高位，高位是下一个字节的最低位。可见即使只要检查两个位，也可能需要读取两个字节。另一方面，最多检查四个连续的位，即最多也只需读取两个字节。所以每次要读取两个字节。这也是在判别是否越界时再加1的原因。为此，为了避免在读取I/O许可位图的最高字节时产生越界，必须在I/O许可位图的最后填加一个全1的字节，即0FFH。此全1的字节应填加在最后一个位图字节之后，TSS界限范围之前，即让填加的全1字节在TSS界限之内。 I/O许可位图开始偏移加8K所得的值与TSS界限值二者中较小的值决定I/O许可位图的末端。当TSS的界限大于I/O许可位图开始偏移加8K时，I/O许可位图的有效部分就有8K字节，I/O许可检查全部根据全部根据该位图进行。当TSS的界限不大于I/O许可位图开始偏移加8K时，I/O许可位图有效部分就不到8K字节，于是对较小I/O地址访问的许可检查根据位图进行，而对较大I/O地址访问的许可检查总被认为不可访问而引起通用保护故障。因为这时会发生字节越界而引起通用保护异常，所以在这种情况下，可认为不足的I/O许可位图的高端部分全为1。利用这个特点，可大大节约TSS中I/O许可位图占用的存储单元，也就大大减小了TSS段的长度。 <二>重要标志保护输入输出的保护与存储在标志寄存器EFLAGS中的IOPL密切相关，显然不能允许随便地改变IOPL，否则就不能有效地实现输入输出保护。类似地，对EFLAGS中的IF位也必须加以保护，否则CLI和STI作为敏感指令对待是无意义的。此外，EFLAGS中的VM位决定着处理器是否按虚拟8086方式工作。 80386对EFLAGS中的这三个字段的处理比较特殊，只有在较高特权级执行的程序才能执行IRET、POPF、CLI和STI等指令改变它们。下表列出了不同特权级下对这三个字段的处理情况。 不同特权级对标志寄存器特殊字段的处理 特权级 VM标志字段 IOPL标志字段 IF标志字段 CPL=0 可变(初POPF指令外) 可变 可变 0 不变 不变 可变 CPL>IOPL 不变 不变 不变 从表中可见，只有在特权级0执行的程序才可以修改IOPL位及VM位；只能由相对于IOPL同级或更内层特权级执行的程序才可以修改IF位。与CLI和STI指令不同，在特权级不满足上述条件的情况下，当执行POPF指令和IRET指令时，如果试图修改这些字段中的任何一个字段，并不引起异常，但试图要修改的字段也未被修改，也不给出任何特别的信息。此外，指令POPF总不能改变VM位，而PUSHF指令所压入的标志中的VM位总为0。 <三>演示输入输出保护的实例(实例九)下面给出一个用于演示输入输出保护的实例。演示内容包括：I/O许可位图的作用、I/O敏感指令引起的异常和特权指令引起的异常；使用段间调用指令CALL通过任务门调用任务，实现任务嵌套。 1.演示步骤实例演示的内容比较丰富，具体演示步骤如下：(1)在实模式下做必要准备后，切换到保护模式；(2)进入保护模式的临时代码段后，把演示任务的TSS段描述符装入TR，并设置演示任务的堆栈；(3)进入演示代码段，演示代码段的特权级是0；(4)通过任务门调用测试任务1。测试任务1能够顺利进行；(5)通过任务门调用测试任务2。测试任务2演示由于违反I/O许可位图规定而导致通用保护异常；(6)通过任务门调用测试任务3。测试任务3演示I/O敏感指令如何引起通用保护异常；(7)通过任务门调用测试任务4。测试任务4演示特权指令如何引起通用保护异常；(8)从演示代码转临时代码，准备返回实模式；(9)返回实模式，并作结束处理。
上传时间： 2013-12-11
上传用户：nunnzhy
设计一种应用于某全地形ATV车载武器装置中的中控系统，该系统设计是以TMS320F2812型DSP为核心，采用模块化设计思想，对其硬件部分进行系统设计，能够完成对武器装置高低、回转方向的运动控制，实现静止或行进状态中对目标物的测距，自动瞄准以及按既定发射模式发射弹丸和各项安全性能检测等功能。通过编制相应的软件，对其进行系统调试，验证了该设计运行稳定。 Abstract: A central control system applied to an ATV vehicle weapons is designed. The system design is based on TMS320F2812 DSP as the core， uses modular design for its hardware parts. The central control system can complete the motion control of the level of weapons and equipment， rotation direction， to achieve a state of static or moving objects on the target ranging， auto-targeting and according to the established target and the projectile and the launch of the security performance testing and other functions. Through the development of appropriate software and to carry out system testing to verify the stability of this design and operation.
上传时间： 2013-11-02
上传用户：jshailingzzh
中文版详情浏览：http://www.elecfans.com/emb/fpga/20130715324029.html Xilinx UltraScale:The Next-Generation Architecture for Your Next-Generation Architecture The Xilinx® UltraScale™ architecture delivers unprecedented levels of integration and capability with ASIC-class system- level performance for the most demanding applications. The UltraScale architecture is the industr y's f irst application of leading-edge ASIC architectural enhancements in an All Programmable architecture that scales from 20 nm planar through 16 nm FinFET technologies and beyond, in addition to scaling from monolithic through 3D ICs. Through analytical co-optimization with the X ilinx V ivado® Design Suite, the UltraScale architecture provides massive routing capacity while intelligently resolving typical bottlenecks in ways never before possible. This design synergy achieves greater than 90% utilization with no performance degradation. Some of the UltraScale architecture breakthroughs include: • Strategic placement (virtually anywhere on the die) of ASIC-like system clocks, reducing clock skew by up to 50% • Latency-producing pipelining is virtually unnecessary in systems with massively parallel bus architecture, increasing system speed and capability • Potential timing-closure problems and interconnect bottlenecks are eliminated, even in systems requiring 90% or more resource utilization • 3D IC integration makes it possible to build larger devices one process generation ahead of the current industr y standard • Greatly increased system performance, including multi-gigabit serial transceivers, I/O, and memor y bandwidth is available within even smaller system power budgets • Greatly enhanced DSP and packet handling The Xilinx UltraScale architecture opens up whole new dimensions for designers of ultra-high-capacity solutions.
标签： UltraScale Xilinx 架构
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：瓦力瓦力hong
Verilog_HDL的基本语法详解（夏宇闻版）:Verilog HDL是一种用于数字逻辑电路设计的语言。用Verilog HDL描述的电路设计就是该电路的Verilog HDL模型。Verilog HDL既是一种行为描述的语言也是一种结构描述的语言。这也就是说，既可以用电路的功能描述也可以用元器件和它们之间的连接来建立所设计电路的Verilog HDL模型。Verilog模型可以是实际电路的不同级别的抽象。这些抽象的级别和它们对应的模型类型共有以下五种： 系统级（system）：用高级语言结构实现设计模块的外部性能的模型。 算法级（algorithm）：用高级语言结构实现设计算法的模型。 RTL级（Register Transfer Level）：描述数据在寄存器之间流动和如何处理这些数据的模型。 门级（gate-level）：描述逻辑门以及逻辑门之间的连接的模型。 开关级（switch-level）：描述器件中三极管和储存节点以及它们之间连接的模型。 一个复杂电路系统的完整Verilog HDL模型是由若干个Verilog HDL模块构成的，每一个模块又可以由若干个子模块构成。其中有些模块需要综合成具体电路，而有些模块只是与用户所设计的模块交互的现存电路或激励信号源。利用Verilog HDL语言结构所提供的这种功能就可以构造一个模块间的清晰层次结构来描述极其复杂的大型设计，并对所作设计的逻辑电路进行严格的验证。 Verilog HDL行为描述语言作为一种结构化和过程性的语言，其语法结构非常适合于算法级和RTL级的模型设计。这种行为描述语言具有以下功能： · 可描述顺序执行或并行执行的程序结构。 · 用延迟表达式或事件表达式来明确地控制过程的启动时间。 · 通过命名的事件来触发其它过程里的激活行为或停止行为。 · 提供了条件、if-else、case、循环程序结构。 · 提供了可带参数且非零延续时间的任务（task）程序结构。 · 提供了可定义新的操作符的函数结构（function）。 · 提供了用于建立表达式的算术运算符、逻辑运算符、位运算符。 · Verilog HDL语言作为一种结构化的语言也非常适合于门级和开关级的模型设计。因其结构化的特点又使它具有以下功能： - 提供了完整的一套组合型原语（primitive）; - 提供了双向通路和电阻器件的原语; - 可建立MOS器件的电荷分享和电荷衰减动态模型。 Verilog HDL的构造性语句可以精确地建立信号的模型。这是因为在Verilog HDL中，提供了延迟和输出强度的原语来建立精确程度很高的信号模型。信号值可以有不同的的强度，可以通过设定宽范围的模糊值来降低不确定条件的影响。 Verilog HDL作为一种高级的硬件描述编程语言，有着类似C语言的风格。其中有许多语句如：if语句、case语句等和C语言中的对应语句十分相似。如果读者已经掌握C语言编程的基础，那么学习Verilog HDL并不困难，我们只要对Verilog HDL某些语句的特殊方面着重理解，并加强上机练习就能很好地掌握它，利用它的强大功能来设计复杂的数字逻辑电路。下面我们将对Verilog HDL中的基本语法逐一加以介绍。
标签： Verilog_HDL
上传时间： 2013-11-23
上传用户：青春给了作业95
Introduction to Xilinx Packaging Electronic packages are interconnectable housings for semiconductor devices. The major functions of the electronic packages are to provide electrical interconnections between the IC and the board and to efficiently remove heat generated by the device. Feature sizes are constantly shrinking, resulting in increased number of transistors being packed into the device. Today's submicron technology is also enabling large-scale functional integration and system-on-a-chip solutions. In order to keep pace with these new advancements in silicon technologies, semiconductor packages have also evolved to provide improved device functionality and performance. Feature size at the device level is driving package feature sizes down to the design rules of the early transistors. To meet these demands, electronic packages must be flexible to address high pin counts, reduced pitch and form factor requirements. At the same time,packages must be reliable and cost effective.
上传时间： 2013-10-22
上传用户：ztj182002
The introduction of Spartan-3™ devices has createdmultiple changes in the evolution of embedded controldesigns and pushed processing capabilities to the “almostfreestage.” With these new FPGAs falling under $20, involume, with over 1 million system gates, and under $5for 100K gate-level units, any design with programmablelogic has a readily available 8- or 16-bit processor costingless than 75 cents and 32-bit processor for less than $1.50.
上传时间： 2013-12-10
上传用户：zgu489
FPGAs have changed dramatically since Xilinx first introduced them just 15 years ago. In thepast, FPGA were primarily used for prototyping and lower volume applications; custom ASICswere used for high volume, cost sensitive designs. FPGAs had also been too expensive and tooslow for many applications, let alone for System Level Integration (SLI). Plus, the development
标签： Methodology Design Reuse FPGA
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：旗鱼旗鱼
