This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs. Introduction The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such as those used in petrochemical plants. The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries. In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC 62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation. 图Figure 1. Local Safety System
上传时间： 2013-11-05
上传用户：维子哥哥
特点 精确度0.25%滿刻度 ±1位數 输入配线系统可任意选择 CT比可任意设定 具有异常电流值与异常次数记录保留功能 电流过高或过低检测可任意设定 报警继电器复归方式可任意設定 尺寸小,穩定性高 2.主要規格 辅助电源: AC110V&220V ±20%(50 or 60Hz) AC220V&440V ±20%(50 or 60Hz)(optional) 精确度: 0.25% F.S. ±1 digit 输入负载: <0.2VA (Current) 最大过载能力 : Current related input: 2 x rated continuous 10 x rated 30 sec. 25 x rated 3sec. 50 x rated 1 sec. 输入电流范围: AC0-5A (10-1000Hz) CT ratio : 1-2000 adjustable 启动延迟动作时间: 0-99.9 second adjustable 继电器延迟动作时间: 0-99.9 second adjustable 继电器复归方式: Manual (N) / latch(L) can be modified 继电器磁滞范围: 0-999 digit adjustable 继电器动作方向: HI /LO/GO/HL can be modified 继电器容量: AC 250V-5A, DC 30V-7A 过载显示: "doFL" 温度系数: 50ppm/℃ (0-50℃) 显示幕: Red high efficiency LEDs high 14.22mm(.56")(PV) Red high efficiency LEDs high 14.22mm(.276")(NO) 参数设定方式: Touch switches 记忆型式 : Non-volatile E2PROM memory 绝缘耐压能力: 2KVac/1 min. (input/output/power) 1600Vdc(input/output 使用环境条件 : 0-50℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) 存放环境条件: 0-70℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) CE认证: EN 55022:1998/A1:2000 Class A EN 61000-3-2:2000 EN 61000-3-3:1995/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001
上传时间： 2013-10-14
上传用户：wanghui2438
Abstract: Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are used in a wide variety of applications and end markets, including digital signalprocessing, medical imaging, and high-performance computing. This application note outlines the issues related to powering FPGAs.It also discusses Maxim's solutions for powering Xilinx® FPGAs.
上传时间： 2013-12-16
上传用户：haohaoxuexi
This document is a quick reference to some of the formulas and important information related to optical technologies. It focuses on decibels (dB), decibels per milliwatt (dBm), attenuation and measurements, and provides an introduction to optical fibers.
上传时间： 2013-10-17
上传用户：libenshu01
Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
上传时间： 2014-03-25
上传用户：yyyyyyyyyy
This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs. Introduction The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such as those used in petrochemical plants. The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries. In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC 62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation. 图Figure 1. Local Safety System
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：zoudejile
Nios II 软件开发人员手册中的缓存和紧耦合存储器部分 Nios® II embedded processor cores can contain instruction and data caches. This chapter discusses cache-related issues that you need to consider to guarantee that your program executes correctly on the Nios II processor. Fortunately, most software based on the Nios II hardware abstraction layer (HAL) works correctly without any special accommodations for caches. However, some software must manage the cache directly. For code that needs direct control over the cache, the Nios II architecture provides facilities to perform the following actions:
上传时间： 2013-10-25
上传用户：虫虫虫虫虫虫
微电脑型单相交流集合式电表（单相二线系统） 特点： 精确度0.25%满刻度±1位数 可同时量测与显示交流电压,電流,頻率,瓦特,(功率因數/視在功率) 交流電壓,電流,瓦特皆為真正有效值(TRMS) 交流電流,瓦特之小數點可任意設定 瓦特單位W或KW可任意設定 CT比可任意設定(1至999) 輸入與輸出絕緣耐压 2仟伏特/1分鐘( 突波測試強度4仟伏特(1.2x50us) 數位RS-485界面 (Optional) 主要规格： 精确度: 0.1% F.S.±1 digit (Frequency) 0.25% F.S.±1 digit(ACA,ACV,Watt,VA) 0.25% F.S. ±0.25o(Power Factor) (-.300~+.300) 输入负载: <0.2VA (Voltage) <0.2VA (Current) 最大过载能力: Current related input: 3 x rated continuous 10 x rated 30 sec. 25 x rated 3sec. 50 x rated 1sec. Voltage related input: maximum 2 x rated continuous 过载显示: "doFL" 显示值范围: 0~600.0V(Voltage) 0~999.9Hz(Frequency)(<20% for voltage input) 0~19999 digit adjustable(Current,Watt,VA) 取样时间: 2 cycles/sec. RS-485通讯位址: "01"-"FF" RS-485传输速度: 19200/9600/4800/2400 selective RS-485通信协议: Modbus RTU mode 温度系数: 100ppm/℃ (0-50℃) 显示幕: Red high efficiency LEDs high 10.16 mm(0.4") 参数设定方式: Touch switches 记忆型式: Non-volatile E²PROM memory 绝缘抗阻: >100Mohm with 500V DC 绝缘耐压能力: 2KVac/1 min. (input/output/power) 1600 Vdc (input/output) 突波测试: ANSI c37.90a/1974,DIN-IEC 255-4 impulse voltage 4KV(1.2x50us) 使用环境条件: 0-50℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) 存放环境条件: 0-70℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) CE认证: EN 55022:1998/A1:2000 Class A EN 61000-3-2:2000 EN 61000-3-3:1995/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001
上传时间： 2015-01-03
上传用户：几何公差
sheerdns is a master DNS server whose zone records are stored on a One-Record-Per-File bases. Because of this, it is the simplest of any DNS to configure, the easiest to update, and the most efficient for networks that experience a lot of updates (for example master servers for dynamic IP address ranges). You never have to restart it; any updates are available immediately without having to notify the sheerdns process. 来源: http://freshmeat.net/projects/sheerdns/?topic_id=149 sheerdns是一个主DNS服务器，它的域记录保存在一个One-Record-Per-File（每文件一个记录）的库中。因此，它是最简单的DNS配制，最容易更新，对于有大量更新的网络（如动态IP地址范围的主服务器）来说它是最高效的。你不必重新启动它，任何更新不用通知对应DNS进程就可以立即生效。
标签： One-Record-Per-File sheerdns records Becaus
上传时间： 2015-01-10
上传用户：wyc199288
OpenVPN is a robust and highly flexible tunneling application that uses all of the encryption, authentication, and certification features of the OpenSSL library to securely tunnel IP networks over a single TCP/UDP port.
标签： application encryption tunneling flexible
上传时间： 2014-01-13
上传用户：hzy5825468
