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单精度浮点型(float),在C++中,单精度浮点型(float)专指占用32位存储空间的单精度(single-precision)值。单精度在一些处理器上比双精度更快而且只占用双精度一半的空间,但是当值很大或很小的时候,它将变得不精确。当你需要小数部分并且对精度的要求不高时,单精度浮点型的变量是有用的。例如,当表示美元和分时,单精度浮点型是有用的。在foxpro中,单精度浮点型是为了提供兼容性,浮点数据类型在功能上等价于数值型。
  • Introduction+to+Communication+Systems

    The genesis for this book was my involvement with the development of the SystemView (now SystemVue) simulation program at Elanix, Inc. Over several years of development, technical support, and seminars, several issues kept recur- ring. One common question was, “How do you simulate (such and such)?” The sec- ond set of issues was based on modern communication systems, and why particular developers did what they did. This book is an attempt to gather these issues into a single comprehensive source.

    标签: Communication Introduction Systems to

    上传时间: 2020-05-27

    上传用户:shancjb

  • IP Multimedia Subsystem(IMS) Handbook

    Fixed-mobile.convergence.and.voice-data.networks.have.merged.next-gen- eration,.value-added.applications.and.integrated.multimedia.services,.com- bining. Web. browsing,. instant. messaging,. presence,. voice. over. IP,. video. conferencing,. application. sharing,. telephony,. unified. messaging,. multi- media.content.delivery,.etc..on.top.of.different.network.technologies..The. convergence.of.the.communications.networks.is.motivated.by.the.need.to. support.many.forms.of.digital.traffic.as.well.as.to.amortize.implementation. and.operational.costs.of.the.underlying.networks..Historically,.the.approach. to. build. and. deploy. multimedia. services. has. focused. upon. single-point. solutions..

    标签: Multimedia Subsystem Handbook IMS IP

    上传时间: 2020-05-27

    上传用户:shancjb

  • Microwave+Transmission+Networks

    Microwave radio network design is a subset of activities that constitute the overall transmission network design. Transmission networks are sometimes called transport networks, access networks, or connectivity networks. For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popu- lar preference over wireline (leased lines) transport for many reasons, especially as microwave radio equipment costs decrease and installation becomes simpler. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical single (and especially multiple) T1/E1 expenses, proving it to be more economical over the long term—usually two to four years. Network operators also like the fact that they can own and control microwave radio networks instead of relying on other service providers for network components.

    标签: Transmission Microwave Networks

    上传时间: 2020-05-28

    上传用户:shancjb

  • OFDM+Wireless+LANS

    Before delving into the details of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), relevant background material must be presented first. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the necessary building blocks for the development of OFDM principles. Included in this chapter are reviews of stochastic and random process, discrete-time signals and systems, and the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). Tooled with the necessary mathematical foundation, we proceed with an overview of digital communication systems and OFDM communication systems. We conclude the chapter with summaries of the OFDM wireless LAN standards currently in existence and a high-level comparison of single carrier systems versus OFDM.

    标签: Wireless OFDM LANS

    上传时间: 2020-05-31

    上传用户:shancjb

  • Optical+Communication+Theory+and+Techniques

    Since the advent of optical communications, a great technological effort has been devoted to the exploitation of the huge bandwidth of optical fibers. Start- ing from a few Mb/s single channel systems, a fast and constant technological development has led to the actual 10 Gb/s per channel dense wavelength di- vision multiplexing (DWDM) systems, with dozens of channels on a single fiber. Transmitters and receivers are now ready for 40 Gb/s, whereas hundreds of channels can be simultaneously amplified by optical amplifiers.

    标签: Communication Techniques Optical Theory and

    上传时间: 2020-05-31

    上传用户:shancjb

  • Satellite Communications Systems

    The book is written for those concerned with the design and performance of satellite communications systems employed in fixed point-to-point, broadcasting, mobile, radio- navigation,data-relay,computercommunications,andrelatedsatellite-basedapplications.The recentrapidgrowthinsatellitecommunicationshascreatedaneedforaccurateinformationon both satellite communications systems engineering and the impact of atmospheric effects on satellite link design and system performance. This book addresses that need for the first time in a single comprehensive source.

    标签: Communications Satellite Systems

    上传时间: 2020-06-01

    上传用户:shancjb

  • SC-FDMA+for+Mobile+Communications

    The single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system is a well-known system that has recently become a preferred choice for mobile uplink channels. This is attributed to its advantages such as the low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the use of frequency domain equalizers. Low PAPR allows the system to relax the specifications of linearity in the power amplifier of the mobile terminal, which reduces cost and power consumption. 

    标签: Communications SC-FDMA Mobile for

    上传时间: 2020-06-01

    上传用户:shancjb

  • UMTS+Performance+Measurement+A+Practical+Guide

    Having dealt with in-depth analysis of SS#7, GSM and GPRS networks I started to monitor UTRAN interfaces approximately four years ago. Monitoring interfaces means decoding the data captured on the links and analysing how the different data segments and messages are related to each other. In general I wanted to trace all messages belonging to a single call to prove if the network elements and protocol entities involved worked fine or if there had been failures or if any kind of suspicious events had influenced the normal call proceeding or the call’s quality of service. Cases showing normal network behaviour have been documented in Kreher and Ruedebusch (UMTS Signaling. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005), which provides examples for technical experts investigating call flows and network procedures.

    标签: Performance Measurement Practical Guide UMTS

    上传时间: 2020-06-01

    上传用户:shancjb

  • Understanding_the_Basics_of_MIMO

    An acronym for Multiple-In, Multiple-Out, MIMO communication sends the same data as several signals simultaneously through multiple antennas, while still utilizing a single radio channel. This is a form of antenna diversity, which uses multiple antennas to improve signal quality and strength of an RF link. The data is split into multiple data streams at the transmission point and recombined on the receive side by another MIMO radio configured with the same number of antennas. The receiver is designed to take into account the slight time difference between receptions of each signal, any additional noise or interference, and even lost signals.

    标签: Understanding_the_Basics_of_MIMO

    上传时间: 2020-06-01

    上传用户:shancjb

  • Wireless Receiver Architectures and Design

    The advent of modern wireless devices, such as smart phones and MID 1 terminals, has revolutionized the way people think of personal connectivity. Such devices encompass multiple applications ranging from voice and video to high-speed data transfer via wireless networks. The voracious appetite of twenty-first century users for supporting more wireless applications on a single device is ever increasing. These devices employ multiple radios and modems that cover multiple frequency bands and multiple standards with a manifold of wireless applications often running simultaneously. 

    标签: Architectures Wireless Receiver Design and

    上传时间: 2020-06-01

    上传用户:shancjb