Telecommunications is today widely understood to mean the electrical means of communicating over a distance. The first form of telecommunications was that of the Telegraph, which was invented quite independently in 1837 by two scientists, Wheatstone and Morse. Telegraphy was on a point-to-point unidirectional basis and relied on trained operators to interpret between the spoken or written word and the special signals sent over the telegraph wire. However, the use of telegraphy did greatly enhance the operations of railways and, of course, the dissemination of news and personal messages between towns.
标签： Telecommunications Understanding Networks
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In this first part of the book the Vienna Link Level (LL) Simulators are described. The first chapter provides basics of LL simulations, introduces the most common variables and parameters as well as the transceiver structures that are applied in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTEA). We focus here mostly on the Downlink (DL) of LTE as most results reported in later chapters are related to DL transmissions.
标签： LTE-Advanced Simulators Vienna
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n the first part of this book, we give an introduction to the basic applications of wireless com- munications, as well as the technical problems inherent in this communication paradigm. After a brief history of wireless, Chapter 1 describes the different types of wireless services, and works out their fundamental differences. The subsequent Section 1.3 looks at the same problem from a different angle: what data rates, ranges, etc., occur in practical systems, and especially, what combination of performance measures are demanded (e.g., what data rates need to be transmitted over short distances; what data rates are required over long distances?) Chapter 2 then describes the technical challenges of communicating without wires, putting special emphasis on fading and co-channel interference. Chapter 3 describes the most elementary problem of designing a wireless system, namely to set up a link budget in either a noise-limited or an interference-limited system. After studying this part of the book, the reader should have an overview of different types of wireless services, and understand the technical challenges involved in each of them. The solutions to those challenges are described in the later parts of this book.
标签： Communications Wireless Edition 2nd
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The advent of modern wireless devices, such as smart phones and MID 1 terminals, has revolutionized the way people think of personal connectivity. Such devices encompass multiple applications ranging from voice and video to high-speed data transfer via wireless networks. The voracious appetite of twenty-first century users for supporting more wireless applications on a single device is ever increasing. These devices employ multiple radios and modems that cover multiple frequency bands and multiple standards with a manifold of wireless applications often running simultaneously.
标签： Architectures Wireless Receiver Design and
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This effort started as an answer to the numerous questions the authors have repeatedly had to answer about electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and input/output (1/0) designs. In the past no comprehensive book existed suffi- ciently covering these areas, and these topics were rarely taught in engineering schools. Thus first-time I/O and ESD protection designers have had consider- able trouble getting started. This book is in part an answer to such needs.
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Electrostatic discharge (ESD) phenomena have been known to mankind since the Greek Empire when Thales of Miletus, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, noticed the attraction of strands of hay to amber, leading to the coining of the word “electron.” Electrical discharge and the guiding of electrical discharge (e.g., lightning) was of interest to Benjamin Franklin in the 1700s, with the invention of the lightning rod. The lightning rod was mankind’s first effort to guide the electrical discharge current of a lightning strike in a direction that would not harm structures.
标签： Circuits Devices 2015 ESD and
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Dear Reader, this book project brings to you a unique study tool for ESD protection solutions used in analog-integrated circuit (IC) design. Quick-start learning is combined with in-depth understanding for the whole spectrum of cross- disciplinary knowledge required to excel in the ESD field. The chapters cover technical material from elementary semiconductor structure and device levels up to complex analog circuit design examples and case studies.
标签： Circuits Design Analog ESD for
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In the seven years since the first edition of this book was completed, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) phenomena in integrated circuits (IC) continues to be important as technologies shrink and the speed and size of the chips increases. The phenom- ena related to ESD events in semiconductor devices take place outside the realm of normal device operation. Hence, the physics governing this behavior are not typ- ically found in general textbooks on semiconductors.
标签： Integrated Circuits Silicon ESD In
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Since electronic equipment was first developed, static electricity has been a source of problems for users and designers. In the last few years, however, electrostatic discharge (ESD) has become a source of major problems. This has occurred because newer electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, are much more susceptible to ESD problems than previous devices, such as vacuum tubes. Another trend compounding this ESD susceptibility problem is the spread of sophisticated equipment into home and office environments where ESD is quite common.
标签： Electronic Equipment ESD and
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As we enter the next millennium, there are clear technological patterns. First, the electronic industry continues to scale microelectronic structures to achieve faster devices, new devices, or more per unit area. Secondly, electrostatic charge, electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrical overstress (EOS) and electromagnetic emissions (EMI) continue to be a threat to these scaled structures. This dichotomy presents a dilemma for the scaling of semiconductor technologies and a future threat to new technologies. Technological advancements, material changes, design techniques, and simulation can fend off this growing concern – but to maintain this ever-threatening challenge, one must continue to establish research and education in this issue.
标签： ESD-Phenomena-and-the-Reliability
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