2-1 何谓测量放大电路?对其基本要求是什么? 在测量控制系统中,用来放大传感器输出的微弱电压,电流或电荷信号的放大电路称为测量放大电路,亦称仪用放大电路。对其基本要求是:①输入阻抗应与传感器输出阻抗相匹配;②一定的放大倍数和稳定的增益;③低噪声;④低的输入失调电压和输入失调电流以及低的漂移;⑤足够的带宽和转换速率(无畸变的放大瞬态信号);⑥高输入共模范围(如达几百伏)和高共模抑制比;⑦可调的闭环增益;⑧线性好、精度高;⑨成本低。 2-2 图2-2a所示斩波稳零放大电路中,为什么采用高、低频两个通道,即R3、C3组成的高频通道和调制、解调、交流放大器组成的低频通道? 采用高频通道是为了使斩波稳零放大电路能在较宽的频率范围内工作,而采用低频通道则能对微弱的直流或缓慢变化的信号进行低漂移和高精度的放大。 2-3 请参照图2-3,根据手册中LF347和CD4066的连接图(即引脚图),将集成运算放大器LF347和集成模拟开关CD4066接成自动调零放大电路。 LF347和CD4066接成的自动调零放大电路如图X2-1。
标签: 信号放大电路
上传时间: 2013-10-09
上传用户:ysjing
模块电源的电气性能是通过一系列测试来呈现的,下列为一般的功能性测试项目,详细说明如下: 电源调整率(Line Regulation) 负载调整率(Load Regulation) 综合调整率(Conmine Regulation) 输出涟波及杂讯(Ripple & Noise) 输入功率及效率(Input Power, Efficiency) 动态负载或暂态负载(Dynamic or Transient Response) 起动(Set-Up)及保持(Hold-Up)时间 常规功能(Functions)测试 1. 电源调整率 电源调整率的定义为电源供应器于输入电压变化时提供其稳定输出电压的能力。测试步骤如下:于待测电源供应器以正常输入电压及负载状况下热机稳定后,分别于低输入电压(Min),正常输入电压(Normal),及高输入电压(Max)下测量并记录其输出电压值。 电源调整率通常以一正常之固定负载(Nominal Load)下,由输入电压变化所造成其输出电压偏差率(deviation)的百分比,如下列公式所示: [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 2. 负载调整率 负载调整率的定义为开关电源于输出负载电流变化时,提供其稳定输出电压的能力。测试步骤如下:于待测电源供应器以正常输入电压及负载状况下热机稳定后,测量正常负载下之输出电压值,再分别于轻载(Min)、重载(Max)负载下,测量并记录其输出电压值(分别为Vo(max)与Vo(min)),负载调整率通常以正常之固定输入电压下,由负载电流变化所造成其输出电压偏差率的百分比,如下列公式所示: [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 3. 综合调整率 综合调整率的定义为电源供应器于输入电压与输出负载电流变化时,提供其稳定输出电压的能力。这是电源调整率与负载调整率的综合,此项测试系为上述电源调整率与负载调整率的综合,可提供对电源供应器于改变输入电压与负载状况下更正确的性能验证。 综合调整率用下列方式表示:于输入电压与输出负载电流变化下,其输出电压之偏差量须于规定之上下限电压范围内(即输出电压之上下限绝对值以内)或某一百分比界限内。 4. 输出杂讯 输出杂讯(PARD)系指于输入电压与输出负载电流均不变的情况下,其平均直流输出电压上的周期性与随机性偏差量的电压值。输出杂讯是表示在经过稳压及滤波后的直流输出电压上所有不需要的交流和噪声部份(包含低频之50/60Hz电源倍频信号、高于20 KHz之高频切换信号及其谐波,再与其它之随机性信号所组成)),通常以mVp-p峰对峰值电压为单位来表示。 一般的开关电源的规格均以输出直流输出电压的1%以内为输出杂讯之规格,其频宽为20Hz到20MHz。电源实际工作时最恶劣的状况(如输出负载电流最大、输入电源电压最低等),若电源供应器在恶劣环境状况下,其输出直流电压加上杂讯后之输出瞬时电压,仍能够维持稳定的输出电压不超过输出高低电压界限情形,否则将可能会导致电源电压超过或低于逻辑电路(如TTL电路)之承受电源电压而误动作,进一步造成死机现象。 同时测量电路必须有良好的隔离处理及阻抗匹配,为避免导线上产生不必要的干扰、振铃和驻波,一般都采用双同轴电缆并以50Ω于其端点上,并使用差动式量测方法(可避免地回路之杂讯电流),来获得正确的测量结果。 5. 输入功率与效率 电源供应器的输入功率之定义为以下之公式: TRUE Power = Pav(watt) = Vrms x Arms x Power Factor 即为对一周期内其输入电压与电流乘积之积分值,需注意的是Watt≠VrmsArms而是Watt=VrmsArmsxP.F.,其中P.F.为功率因素(Power Factor),通常无功率因素校正电路电源供应器的功率因素在0.6~0.7左右,其功率因素为1~0之间。 电源供应器的效率之定义为为输出直流功率之总和与输入功率之比值。效率提供对电源供应器正确工作的验证,若效率超过规定范围,即表示设计或零件材料上有问题,效率太低时会导致散热增加而影响其使用寿命。 6. 动态负载或暂态负载 一个定电压输出的电源,于设计中具备反馈控制回路,能够将其输出电压连续不断地维持稳定的输出电压。由于实际上反馈控制回路有一定的频宽,因此限制了电源供应器对负载电流变化时的反应。若控制回路输入与输出之相移于增益(Unity Gain)为1时,超过180度,则电源供应器之输出便会呈现不稳定、失控或振荡之现象。实际上,电源供应器工作时的负载电流也是动态变化的,而不是始终维持不变(例如硬盘、软驱、CPU或RAM动作等),因此动态负载测试对电源供应器而言是极为重要的。可编程序电子负载可用来模拟电源供应器实际工作时最恶劣的负载情况,如负载电流迅速上升、下降之斜率、周期等,若电源供应器在恶劣负载状况下,仍能够维持稳定的输出电压不产生过高激(Overshoot)或过低(Undershoot)情形,否则会导致电源之输出电压超过负载组件(如TTL电路其输出瞬时电压应介于4.75V至5.25V之间,才不致引起TTL逻辑电路之误动作)之承受电源电压而误动作,进一步造成死机现象。 7. 启动时间与保持时间 启动时间为电源供应器从输入接上电源起到其输出电压上升到稳压范围内为止的时间,以一输出为5V的电源供应器为例,启动时间为从电源开机起到输出电压达到4.75V为止的时间。 保持时间为电源供应器从输入切断电源起到其输出电压下降到稳压范围外为止的时间,以一输出为5V的电源供应器为例,保持时间为从关机起到输出电压低于4.75V为止的时间,一般值为17ms或20ms以上,以避免电力公司供电中于少了半周或一周之状况下而受影响。 8. 其它 在电源具备一些特定保护功能的前提下,还需要进行保护功能测试,如过电压保护(OVP)测试、短路保护测试、过功保护等
上传时间: 2013-10-22
上传用户:zouxinwang
Abstract: It may sound trite, but it is definitely TRUE: the smart grid has the potential to completely transform the energyindustry. However, smart meters and grid management alone will not ensure the success of the smart grid. Unliketraditional IT networks, smart grids require consideration of energy measurement and security. To completely optimize thistechnology, smart grid designs must focus on energy measurement and security. This tutorial considers the benefits ofboth energy measurement and security and how they make machine-to-machine networks different from traditional IT.
上传时间: 2013-10-29
上传用户:皇族传媒
Advances in low power electronics now allow placementof battery-powered sensors and other devices in locationsfar from the power grid. Ideally, for TRUE grid independence,the batteries should not need replacement, but instead berecharged using locally available renewable energy, suchas solar power. This Design Note shows how to producea compact battery charger that operates from a small2-cell solar panel. A unique feature of this design is thatthe DC/DC converter uses power point control to extractmaximum power from the solar panel.
上传时间: 2014-01-20
上传用户:wettetw
Luminary Micro provides an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module on some members of theStellaris microcontroller family. The hardware resolution of the ADC is 10 bits; however, due to noiseand other accuracy-diminishing factors, the TRUE accuracy is less than 10 bits. This application noteprovides a software-based oversampling technique, resulting in an improved Effective Number OfBits (ENOB) in the conversion result. This document describes methods of oversampling an inputsignal, and the impact on precision and overall system performance.
标签: Oversampling Techniques ADC fo
上传时间: 2013-12-17
上传用户:zhyiroy
状态机设计:8.1.1 数据类型定义语句TYPE语句的用法如下:TYPE 数据类型名IS 数据类型定义OF 基本数据类型;或TYPE 数据类型名IS 数据类型定义;TYPE st1 IS ARRAY ( 0 TO 15 ) OF STD_LOGIC ;TYPE week IS (sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat) ; 8.1.1 数据类型定义语句TYPE m_state IS ( st0,st1,st2,st3,st4,st5 ) ;SIGNAL present_state,next_state : m_state ;TYPE BOOLEAN IS (FALSE,TRUE) ;TYPE my_logic IS ( '1' ,'Z' ,'U' ,'0' ) ;SIGNAL s1 : my_logic ;s1 <= 'Z' ;SUBTYPE 子类型名IS 基本数据类型RANGE 约束范围;SUBTYPE digits IS INTEGER RANGE 0 to 9 ;
标签: 状态
上传时间: 2013-11-05
上传用户:nem567397
The 87LPC76X Microcontroller combines in a small package thebenefits of a high-performance microcontroller with on-boardhardware supporting the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus interface.The 87LPC76X can be programmed both as an I2C bus master, aslave, or both. An overview of the I2C bus and description of the bussupport hardware in the 87LPC76X microcontrollers appears inapplication note AN464, Using the 87LPC76X Microcontroller as anI2C Bus Master. That application note includes a programmingexample, demonstrating a bus-master code. Here we show anexample of programming the microcontroller as an I2C slave.The code listing demonstrates communications routines for the87LPC76X as a slave on the I2C bus. It compliments the program inAN464 which demonstrates the 87LPC76X as an I2C bus master.One may demonstrate two 87LPC76X devices communicating witheach other on the I2C bus, using the AN464 code in one, and theprogram presented here in the other. The examples presented hereand in AN464 allow the 87LPC76X to be either a master or a slave,but not both. Switching between master and slave roles in amultimaster environment is described in application note AN435.The software for a slave on the bus is relatively simple, as theprocessor plays a relatively passive role. It does not initiate bustransfers on its own, but responds to a master initiating thecommunications. This is TRUE whether the slave receives or transmitsdata—transmission takes place only as a response to a busmaster’s request. The slave does not have to worry about arbitrationor about devices which do not acknowledge their address. As theslave is not supposed to take control of the bus, we do not demandit to resolve bus exceptions or “hangups”. If the bus becomesinactive the processor simply withdraws, not interfering with themaster (or masters) on the bus which should (hopefully) try toresolve the situation.
上传时间: 2013-11-19
上传用户:shirleyYim
16 16点阵显示汉字原理及显示程序 #include "config.h" #define DOTLED_LINE_PORT PORTB #define DOTLED_LINE_DDR DDRB #define DOTLED_LINE_PIN PINB #define DOTLED_LINE_SCKT PB1 #define DOTLED_LINE_SCKH PB5 #define DOTLED_LINE_SDA PB3 #define DOTLED_ROW_PORT PORTC #define DOTLED_ROW_DDR DDRC #define DOTLED_ROW_PIN PINC #define DOTLED_ROW_A0 PC0 #define DOTLED_ROW_A1 PC1 #define DOTLED_ROW_A2 PC2 #define DOTLED_ROW_A3 PC3 #define DOTLED_ROW_E PC4 uint8 font[] = { /*-- 调入了一幅图像:这是您新建的图像 --*/ /*-- 宽度x高度=16x16 --*/ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x08,0x38,0x18,0x44,0x08,0x44,0x08,0x04,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x10, 0x08,0x20,0x08,0x40,0x08,0x40,0x08,0x40,0x3E,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 }; static void TransmitByte(uint8 byte); static void SelectRow(uint8 row); static void FlipLatchLine(void); static void TransmitByte(uint8 byte) { uint8 i; for(i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++) { if(byte & (1 << i)) { DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA); } else { DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA); } //__delay_cycles(100); DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH); //__delay_cycles(100); DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH); //__delay_cycles(100); } } static void SelectRow(uint8 row) { //row -= 1; row |= DOTLED_ROW_PIN & 0xe0; DOTLED_ROW_PORT = row; } static void FlipLatchLine(void) { DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT); DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT); } void InitDotLedPort(void) { DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~(_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH)); DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA); DOTLED_LINE_DDR |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA); DOTLED_ROW_PORT |= 0x1f; DOTLED_ROW_PORT &= 0xf0; DOTLED_ROW_DDR |= 0x1f; } void EnableRow(boolean IsEnable) { if(IsEnable) { DOTLED_ROW_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_ROW_E); } else { DOTLED_ROW_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_ROW_E); } } void PrintDotLed(uint8 * buffer) { uint8 i , tmp; for(i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++) { tmp = *buffer ++; TransmitByte(~tmp); tmp = *buffer ++; TransmitByte(~tmp); SelectRow(i); FlipLatchLine(); } } void main(void) { InitDotLedPort(); EnableRow(TRUE); while(1) { PrintDotLed(font); __delay_cycles(5000); } } //---------------------------------------------------- config.h文件 #ifndef _CONFIG_H #define _CONFIG_H //#define GCCAVR #define CPU_CYCLES 7372800L #ifndef GCCAVR #define _BV(bit) (1 << (bit)) #endif #define MSB 0x80 #define LSB 0x01 #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 typedef unsigned char uint8; typedef unsigned int uint16; typedef unsigned long uint32; typedef unsigned char boolean; #include <ioavr.h> #include <inavr.h> #include "dotled.h" #endif //-----
上传时间: 2013-11-18
上传用户:mnacyf
1 /**————————————————————2 〖说明〗I2C总线驱动程序(用两个普通IO模拟I2C总线)3 包括100Khz(T=10us)的标准模式(慢速模式)选择,4 和400Khz(T=2.5us)的快速模式选择,5 默认11.0592Mhz的晶振。6 〖文件〗PCF8563T.C ﹫2001/11/2 77 〖作者〗龙啸九天 c51@yeah.net http://www.c51bbs.co /8 〖修改〗修改建议请到论坛公布 http://www.c51bbs.co m9 〖版本〗V1.00A Build 080310 —————————————————————*/1112 #ifndef SDA13 #define SDA P0_014 #define SCL P0_115 #endif1617 extern uchar SystemError;1819 #define uchar unsigned char20 #define uint unsigned int21 #define Byte unsigned char22 #define Word unsigned int23 #define bool bit24 #define TRUE 125 #define false 02627 #define SomeNOP(); _nop_();_nop_();_nop_();_nop_();2829 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 调用方式:void I2CStart(void) ﹫2001/07/0 431 函数说明:私有函数,I2C专用32 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/33 void I2CStart(void)34 {35 EA=0;36 SDA=1; SCL=1; SomeNOP();//INI37 SDA=0; SomeNOP(); //START38 SCL=0;39 }4041 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 调用方式:void I2CStop(void) ﹫2001/07/0 443 函数说明:私有函数,I2C专用44 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/45 void I2CStop(void)46 {47 SCL=0; SDA=0; SomeNOP(); //INI48 SCL=1; SomeNOP(); SDA=1; //STOP49 EA=1;50 }5152 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 调用方式:bit I2CAck(void) ﹫2001/07/0 454 函数说明:私有函数,I2C专用,等待从器件接收方的应答55 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/56 bool WaitAck(void)57 {58 uchar errtime=255;//因故障接收方无ACK,超时值为255。59 SDA=1;SomeNOP();60 SCL=1;SomeNOP();61 while(SDA) {errtime--; if (!errtime) {I2CStop();SystemError=0x11;return false;}}62 SCL=0;63 return TRUE;
上传时间: 2014-04-11
上传用户:xg262122
实现Oracle客户端和Oracle服务器中间转发的Java源代码.*注:使Window下Oracle数据和侦听端口共享,需要在注册HOME0表中加USE_SHARED_SOCKET=TRUE即可
上传时间: 2013-12-19
上传用户:小码农lz