AVR单片机技术原理 AVR单片机介绍 单片机又称单片微控制器，它是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上，概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。单片机技术是计算机技术的一个分支,是简易机器人的核心元件。 1997年,由ATMEL公司挪威设计中心的A先生与V先生利用ATMEL公司的Flash新技术, 共同研发出RISC精简指令集的高速8位单片机，简称AVR。[编辑本段]AVR单片机的优势特征 单片机已广泛地应用于军事、工业、家用电器、智能玩具、便携式智能仪表和机器人制作等领域，使产品功能、精度和质量大幅度提升，且电路简单，故障率低，可靠性高，成本低廉。单片机种类很多，在简易机器人制作和创新中，为什么选用AVR单片机呢？ 一、简便易学，费用低廉 首先，对于非专业人员来说，选择AVR单片机的最主要原因，是进入AVR单片机开发的门槛非常低，只要会操作电脑就可以学习AVR单片机的开发。单片机初学者只需一条ISP下载线，把编辑、调试通过的软件程序直接在线写入AVR单片机，即可以开发AVR单片机系列中的各种封装的器件。AVR单片机因此在业界号称“一线打天下”。 其次，AVR单片机便于升级。AVR程序写入是直接在电路板上进行程序修改、烧录等操作，这样便于产品升级。 再次，AVR单片机费用低廉。学习AVR单片机可使用ISP在线下载编程方式(即把PC机上编译好的程序写到单片机的程序存储器中)，不需购买仿真器、编程器、擦抹器和芯片适配器等，即可进行所有AVR单片机的开发应用，这可节省很多开发费用。程序存储器擦写可达10000次以上，不会产生报废品。 二、高速、低耗、保密 首先，AVR单片机是高速嵌入式单片机： 1、AVR单片机具有预取指令功能，即在执行一条指令时，预先把下一条指令取进来，使得指令可以在一个时钟周期内执行。 2、多累加器型，数据处理速度快。AVR单片机具有32个通用工作寄存器，相当于有32条立交桥，可以快速通行。 3、中断响应速度快。AVR单片机有多个固定中断向量入口地址，可快速响应中断。 其次，AVR单片机耗能低。对于典型功耗情况，WDT关闭时为100nA，更适用于电池供电的应用设备。有的器件最低1.8 V即可工作。 再次，AVR单片机保密性能好。它具有不可破解的位加密锁Lock Bit技术，保密位单元深藏于芯片内部，无法用电子显微镜看到。 三、I/O口功能强,具有A/D转换等电路 1. AVR单片机的I/O口是真正的I/O口，能正确反映I/O口输入/输出的真实情况。工业级产品，具有大电流(灌电流)10～40 mA,可直接驱动可控硅SCR或继电器，节省了外围驱动器件。 2. AVR单片机内带模拟比较器，I/O口可用作A/D转换，可组成廉价的A/D转换器。ATmega48/8/16等器件具有8路10位A/D。 3. 部分AVR单片机可组成零外设元件单片机系统，使该类单片机无外加元器件即可工作，简单方便，成本又低。 4. AVR单片机可重设启动复位,以提高单片机工作的可靠性。有看门狗定时器实行安全保护,可防止程序走乱(飞),提高了产品的抗干扰能力。 四、有功能强大的定时器/计数器及通讯接口 定时/计数器T/C有8位和16位,可用作比较器。计数器外部中断和PWM(也可用作D/A)用于控制输出，某些型号的AVR单片机有3～4个PWM，是作电机无级调速的理想器件。 AVR单片机有串行异步通讯UART接口,不占用定时器和SPI同步传输功能,因其具有高速特性，故可以工作在一般标准整数频率下,而波特率可达576K。
上传时间： 2013-10-18
上传用户：二十八号
I/O 型单片机使用手册 目录 间接寻址寄存器 – IAR, IAR0, IAR1 .............................................35间接寻址指针 – MP, MP0, MP1 ......................................................35存储区指针 – BP .........................................................................36累加器 – ACC...................................................................................37程序计数器低字节寄存器 – PCL....................................................37表格寄存器 – TBLP,TBHP,TBLH....................................................37看门狗定时寄存器 – WDTS............................................................38状态寄存器 – STATUS.....................................................................38中断控制寄存器 – INTC,INTC0,INTC1 .........................................39定时/计数寄存器...............................................................................39输入/输出端口和控制寄存器...........................................................40UART 寄存器 .USR,UCR1,UCR2,TXR/RXR,BRG.......................40输入/输出端口..........................................................................................41上拉电阻............................................................................................41PA 口的唤醒......................................................................................41输入/输出端口控制寄存器...............................................................41引脚共享功能....................................................................................42编程注意事项....................................................................................45定时/计数器..............................................................................................46配置定时/计数器输入时钟源...........................................................47定时/计数寄存器 – TMR, TMR0,TMR0L/TMR0H,TMR1L/TMR1H,TMR2.....................................................................49定时/计数控制寄存器 – TMRC,TMR0C,TMR1C,TMR2C............50定时器模式........................................................................................53事件计数器模式................................................................................53脉冲宽度测量模式............................................................................54可编程分频器(PFD)和蜂鸣器的应用..............................................55预分频器(Prescaler)...........................................................................56输入/输出接口...................................................................................56编程注意事项....................................................................................57定时/计数器应用范例.......................................................................57中断............................................................................................................59中断寄存器........................................................................................59中断优先权........................................................................................62外部中断............................................................................................63定时/计数器中断...............................................................................64UART 中断........................................................................................64编程注意事项....................................................................................65复位和初始化............................................................................................66复位....................................................................................................66目录iii异步串行口——UART............................................................................74UART 特性..........................................................................................74UART 外部引脚..................................................................................74数据发送.............................................................................................75UART 状态控制寄存器......................................................................75波特率发生器.....................................................................................79UART 设置与控制..............................................................................81UART 发送器......................................................................................83UART 接收器......................................................................................84接收错误处理.....................................................................................85接收中断图解.....................................................................................86地址检测模式.....................................................................................86暂停模式下的UART 功能.................................................................87UART 应用范例.................................................................................87振荡器........................................................................................................89系统时钟配置....................................................................................89系统晶体/陶瓷振荡器.......................................................................89系统电阻电容振荡器........................................................................90内部系统电阻电容振荡器................................................................90RTC 振荡器........................................................................................91看门狗定时振荡器............................................................................91暂停和唤醒................................................................................................92暂停.....................................................................................................92进入暂停.............................................................................................92静态电流.............................................................................................92唤醒....................................................................................................92看门狗定时器............................................................................................94掩膜选项....................................................................................................96应用电路....................................................................................................97第二部份 程序语言.....................................................................99第二章 指令集介绍.................................................................................101指令集......................................................................................................101指令周期..........................................................................................101数据的传送......................................................................................101算术运算..........................................................................................102逻辑和移位运算..............................................................................102分支和控制的转换..........................................................................102位运算..............................................................................................102查表运算..........................................................................................103其它运算..........................................................................................103指令设定一览表......................................................................................104惯例..................................................................................................104I/O 型单片机使用手册iv第三章 指令定义.....................................................................................107第四章 汇编语言和编译器.....................................................................121常用符号..................................................................................................121语句语法..................................................................................................122名称..................................................................................................122操作项..............................................................................................122操作数项..........................................................................................122注解..................................................................................................122编译伪指令..............................................................................................123条件编译伪指令..............................................................................123文件控制伪指令..............................................................................124程序伪指令......................................................................................126数据定义伪指令..............................................................................130宏指令..............................................................................................132汇编语言指令..........................................................................................136名称..................................................................................................136助记符..............................................................................................136操作数、运算子和表达式..............................................................136其它..........................................................................................................139前置引用..........................................................................................139局部标号..........................................................................................139汇编语言保留字..............................................................................140编译器选项..............................................................................................141编译列表文件格式..................................................................................141源程序列表......................................................................................141编译总结..........................................................................................142其它..................................................................................................142第三部份 开发工具................................................................... 145第五章 单片机开发工具.........................................................................147HT-IDE 集成开发环境............................................................................147盛群单片机仿真器(HT-ICE) ..................................................................149HT-ICE 接口卡.................................................................................149OTP 烧写器.....................................................................................149OTP 适配卡.....................................................................................149系统配置..................................................................................................150HT-ICE 接口卡设置........................................................................151安装..........................................................................................................153系统要求..........................................................................................153硬件安装..........................................................................................153软件安装..........................................................................................154目录v第六章 快速开始.....................................................................................159步骤一：建立一个新项目..............................................................159步骤二：将源程序文件加到项目中..............................................159步骤三：编译项目..........................................................................159步骤四：烧写OTP 单片机.............................................................160步骤五：传送程序与掩膜选项单至Holtek ..................................160附录............................................................................................... 161附录A 特性曲线图...................................................................................163附录B 封装信息.......................................................................................173
上传时间： 2013-10-18
上传用户：blacklee
The PCA9534 is a 16-pin CMOS device that provide 8 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/O configuration, 400 kHz clock frequency, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-11-17
上传用户：vodssv
Nios 的用户定义接口逻辑实例 有许多人问我使用 Nios 的用户定义接口逻辑怎么用，想了几天决定设计一个实例来说明。该例为一个使用 user to interface logic 设计的 PWM 实例，其中包括三个文件： plus32.v 是一个为 32bit nios 设计的 pwm 实例。 plus16.v 是一个为 16bit nios 设计的 pwm 实例。 test.s 是一个使用中断调用 pwm 的汇编语言测试程序。以上模块和程序均调试通过，并可稳定工作。这里让大家参考是使大家通过该例来真正理解 user to interface logic 设计方法，和nios 中通过汇编调用中断的方法，所以超值喔。另外热烈欢迎大家的指导。 注：在设计 Nios 时，将你调用的 user to interface logic 插件重命名为 plus_0，这样我的 test.s 可不作任何改动，你就可用示波器通过 nios 的 plus 管脚观察到一个要求的输出。
上传时间： 2013-11-15
上传用户：cc1915
linux 中断和设备驱动 本章介绍L i n u x内核是如何维护它支持的文件系统中的文件的，我们先介绍 V F S ( Vi r t u a lFile System，虚拟文件系统)，再解释一下L i n u x内核的真实文件系统是如何得到支持的。L i n u x的一个最重要特点就是它支持许多不同的文件系统。这使 L i n u x非常灵活，能够与许多其他的操作系统共存。在写这本书的时候， L i n u x共支持1 5种文件系统： e x t、 e x t 2、x i a、 m i n i x、 u m s d o s、 msdos 、v f a t、 p r o c、 s m b、 n c p、 i s o 9 6 6 0、 s y s v、 h p f s、 a ffs 和u f s。无疑随着时间的推移，L i n u x支持的文件系统数还会增加。
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：zxh122
The PCA9534 is a 16-pin CMOS device that provide 8 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/O configuration, 400 kHz clock frequency, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-10-10
上传用户：inwins
The PCA9535 and PCA9535C are 24-pin CMOS devices that provide 16 bits of GeneralPurpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and wasdeveloped to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. Theimprovements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current,individual I/O configuration, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simplesolution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons,LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-10-21
上传用户：爱死爱死
The PCA9517 is a CMOS integrated circuit that provides level shifting between lowvoltage (down to 0.9 V) and higher voltage (2.7 V to 5.5 V) I2C-bus or SMBus applications.While retaining all the operating modes and features of the I2C-bus system during thelevel shifts, it also permits extension of the I2C-bus by providing bidirectional buffering forboth the data (SDA) and the clock (SCL) lines, thus enabling two buses of 400 pF. Usingthe PCA9517 enables the system designer to isolate two halves of a bus for both voltageand capacitance. The SDA and SCL pins are over voltage tolerant and arehigh-impedance when the PCA9517 is unpowered.
标签： translating Level 9517 PCA
上传时间： 2013-12-25
上传用户：wsf950131
The PCA9555 is a 24-pin CMOS device that provides 16 bits of General Purpose parallelInput/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed toenhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvementsinclude higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/Oconfiguration, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution whenadditional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.The PCA9555 consists of two 8-bit Configuration (Input or Output selection); Input, Outputand Polarity Inversion (active HIGH or active LOW operation) registers. The systemmaster can enable the I/Os as either inputs or outputs by writing to the I/O configurationbits. The data for each Input or Output is kept in the corresponding Input or Outputregister. The polarity of the read register can be inverted with the Polarity Inversionregister. All registers can be read by the system master. Although pin-to-pin and I2C-busaddress compatible with the PCF8575, software changes are required due to theenhancements, and are discussed in Application Note AN469.
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：fredguo
RSM232隔离RS-232收发器具备电源隔离、电气隔离、RS-232收发器，有提高系统稳定性，简化设计等诸多优点。完全符合EIA/TIA-232E和ITU-T V.28规格，采用5V电源供电，具有2500VDC的隔离电压，波特率可高达115200bps
上传时间： 2014-02-22
上传用户：ouyangtongze
