计算机部件要具有通用性,适应不同系统与不同用户的需求,设计必须模块化。计算机部件产品(模块)供应出现多元化。模块之间的联接关系要标准化,使模块具有通用性。模块设计必须基于一种大多数厂商认可的模块联接关系,即一种总线标准。总线的标准总线是一类信号线的集合是模块间传输信息的公共通道,通过它,计算机各部件间可进行各种数据和命令的传送。为使不同供应商的产品间能够互换,给用户更多的选择,总线的技术规范要标准化。总线的标准制定要经周密考虑,要有严格的规定。总线标准(技术规范)包括以下几部分:机械结构规范:模块尺寸、总线插头、总线接插件以及按装尺寸均有统一规定。功能规范:总线每条信号线(引脚的名称)、功能以及工作过程要有统一规定。电气规范:总线每条信号线的有效电平、动态转换时间、负载能力等。总线的发展情况S-100总线:产生于1975年,第一个标准化总线,为微计算机技术发展起到了推动作用。IBM-PC个人计算机采用总线结构(Industry Standard Architecture, ISA)并成为工业化的标准。先后出现8位ISA总线、16位ISA总线以及后来兼容厂商推出的EISA(Extended ISA)32位ISA总线。为了适应微处理器性能的提高及I/O模块更高吞吐率的要求,出现了VL-Bus(VESA Local Bus)和PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect,PCI)总线。适合小型化要求的PCMCIA(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)总线,用于笔记本计算机的功能扩展。总线的指标计算机主机性能迅速提高,各功能模块性能也要相应提高,这对总线性能提出更高的要求。总线主要技术指标有几方面:总线宽度:一次操作可以传输的数据位数,如S100为8位,ISA为16位,EISA为32位,PCI-2可达64位。总线宽度不会超过微处理器外部数据总线的宽度。总数工作频率:总线信号中有一个CLK时钟,CLK越高每秒钟传输的数据量越大。ISA、EISA为8MHz,PCI为33.3MHz, PCI-2可达达66.6MHz。单个数据传输周期:不同的传输方式,每个数据传输所用CLK周期数不同。ISA要2个,PCI用1个CLK周期。这决定总线最高数据传输率。5. 总线的分类与层次系统总线:是微处理器芯片对外引线信号的延伸或映射,是微处理器与片外存储器及I/0接口传输信息的通路。系统总线信号按功能可分为三类:地址总线(Where):指出数据的来源与去向。地址总线的位数决定了存储空间的大小。系统总线:数据总线(What)提供模块间传输数据的路径,数据总线的位数决定微处理器结构的复杂度及总体性能。控制总线(When):提供系统操作所必需的控制信号,对操作过程进行控制与定时。扩充总线:亦称设备总线,用于系统I/O扩充。与系统总线工作频率不同,经接口电路对系统总统信号缓冲、变换、隔离,进行不同层次的操作(ISA、EISA、MCA)局部总线:扩充总线不能满足高性能设备(图形、视频、网络)接口的要求,在系统总线与扩充总线之间插入一层总线。由于它经桥接器与系统总线直接相连,因此称之为局部总线(PCI)。
上传时间: 2013-11-09
上传用户:nshark
This overview guide describes all the Peripherals available for TMS320x28xx and TMS320x28xxx devices.Section 2 shows the Peripherals used by each device. Section 3 provides descriptions of the Peripherals.You can download the Peripheral guide by clicking on the literature number, which is linked to the portable document format (pdf) file.
上传时间: 2013-11-21
上传用户:HGH77P99
Abstract: This reference design explains how to power the Xilinx Zynq Extensible Processing Platform (EPP) and Peripheral ICs using
上传时间: 2014-01-21
上传用户:haohao
The XPS Ethernetlite Peripheral does not provide any mechanism to access the Ethernet PHYregisters. These registers are used to configure auto negotiation parameters and to obtain PHYstatus. This application note provides reference systems and associated software to accessPHY registers by connecting the serial management bus signals MDC and MDIO to GPIOswhich the software controls directly.
上传时间: 2013-10-17
上传用户:JamesB
The Maxim Integrated 71M6541-DB REV 3.0 Demo Board is a demonstration board for evaluating the 71M6541 device for single-phase electronic energy metering applications in conjunction with the Remote Sensor Inter-face. It incorporates a 71M6541 integrated circuit, a 71M6601 Remote Interface IC, Peripheral circuitry such as a serial EEPROM, emulator port, and on-board power supply. A serial to USB converter allows communication to a PC through a USB port. The Demo Board allows the evaluation of the 71M6541 energy meter chip for measurement accuracy and overall system use.
上传时间: 2013-11-06
上传用户:雨出惊人love
怎样使用Nios II处理器来构建多处理器系统 Chapter 1. Creating Multiprocessor Nios II Systems Introduction to Nios II Multiprocessor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1 Benefits of Hierarchical Multiprocessor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 Nios II Multiprocessor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 Multiprocessor Tutorial Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 Hardware Designs for Peripheral Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1–3 Autonomous Multiprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 Multiprocessors that Share Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 Sharing Peripherals in a Multiprocessor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4 Sharing Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6 The Hardware Mutex Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7 Sharing Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1–8 Overlapping Address Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8 Software Design Considerations for Multiple Processors . . .. . . . . 1–9 Program Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9 Boot Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1–13 Debugging Nios II Multiprocessor Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15 Design Example: The Dining Philosophers’ Problem . . . . .. . . 1–15 Hardware and Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1–16 Installation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–17 Creating the Hardware System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1–17 Getting Started with the multiprocessor_tutorial_start Design Example 1–17 Viewing a Philosopher System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–18 Philosopher System Pipeline Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–19 Adding Philosopher Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–21 Connecting the Philosopher Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1–22 Viewing the Complete System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–27 Generating and Compiling the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1–28
上传时间: 2013-11-21
上传用户:lo25643
Abstract: This reference design explains how to power the Xilinx Zynq Extensible Processing Platform (EPP) and Peripheral ICs using
上传时间: 2013-10-13
上传用户:peterli123456
Today’s digital systems combine a myriad of chips with different voltage configurations.Designers must interface 2.5V processors with 3.3V memories—both RAM and ROM—as wellas 5V buses and multiple Peripheral chips. Each chip has specific power supply needs. CPLDsare ideal for handling the multi-voltage interfacing, but do require forethought to ensure correctoperation.
上传时间: 2013-11-10
上传用户:yy_cn
The power of programmability gives industrial automation designers a highly efficient, cost-effective alternative to traditional motor control units (MCUs)。 The parallel-processing power, fast computational speeds, and connectivity versatility of Xilinx® FPGAs can accelerate the implementation of advanced motor control algorithms such as Field Oriented Control (FOC)。 Additionally, Xilinx devices lower costs with greater on-chip integration of system components and shorten latencies with high-performance digital signal processing (DSP) that can tackle compute-intensive functions such as PID Controller, Clark/Park transforms, and Space Vector PWM. The Xilinx Spartan®-6 FPGA Motor Control Development Kit gives designers an ideal starting point for evaluating time-saving, proven, motor-control reference designs. The kit also shortens the process of developing custom control capabilities, with integrated Peripheral functions (Ethernet, PowerLink, and PCI® Express), a motor-control FPGA mezzanine card (FMC) with built-in Texas Instruments motor drivers and high-precision Delta-Sigma modulators, and prototyping support for evaluating alternative front-end circuitry.
上传时间: 2013-10-28
上传用户:wujijunshi
SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface,串行外围接口)是Motorola公司提出的外围接口协议,它采用一个串行、同步、全双工的通信方式,解决了微处理器和外设之间的串行通信问题,并且可以和多个外设直接通信,具有配置灵活,结构简单等优点。根据全功能SPI总线的特点,设计的SPI接口可以最大发送和接收16位数据;在主模式和从模式下SPI模块的时钟频率最大可以达到系统时钟的1/4,并且在主模式下可以提供具有四种不同相位和极性的时钟供从模块选择;可以同时进行发送和接收操作,拥有中断标志位和溢出中断标志位。
上传时间: 2013-11-11
上传用户:himbly