This application note provides a detailed description of themetastable behavior in PLDs from both circuit and statisticalviewpoints. Additionally, the information on the metastablecharacteristics of Cypress PLDs presented here can help youachieve any desired degree of reliability.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：gtzj
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10- layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in card attached through a connector. This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/jitter and loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect. However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations. Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to ensure compliance to all applicable specifications. The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
上传时间： 2013-10-15
上传用户：busterman
Abstract: The rapid build out of today's smart grid raises a number of security questions. In this article,we review two recent well-documented security breaches and a report of a security gap. These situationsinclude a 2009 smart-meter hack in Puerto Rico; a 2012 password discovery in grid distributionequipment; and insecure storage of a private key in distribution automation equipment. For each of theseattacks, we examine the breach, the potential threat, and secure silicon methods that, as part of acomplete security strategy, can help thwart the attacks.
上传时间： 2013-10-27
上传用户：tecman
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
上传时间： 2013-11-18
上传用户：zhouxuepeng1
现有基于MAX7219芯片的数码管驱动电路只适用于小尺寸LED，为扩展其使用范围，在介绍动态显示芯片MAX7219功能的基础上，提出了一个基于该芯片的8位高亮度8英寸数码管驱动电路。电路保留了MAX7219芯片的功能强大、编程简单等优点，通过74LS273锁存器和ULN2803达林顿驱动器，实现了对任意大尺寸数码管提供较高电压和电流驱动的静态显示，并亮度可调。 Abstract: The existing display-driving circuit based on MAX7219 was only applicable to small-size LED. To expand its use, based on the function introduction of dynamic display chip MAX7219, a display-driving circuit for high-brightness 8-bit LED with the size of 8-inch was proposed. The advantages of MAX7219 were retained, such as powerful function and simple programming. Static display with adjustable brightness for large-size LED with higher voltage and current was achieved with the help of 74LS273 and ULN2803.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：31633073
为深入了解基于UC3854A控制的PFC变换器中的动力学特性，研究系统参数变化对变换器中分岔现象的影响，在建立Boost PFC变换器双闭环数学模型的基础上，用Matlab软件对变换器中慢时标分岔及混沌等不稳定现象进行了仿真。在对PFC变换器中慢时标分岔现象仿真的基础上，分析了系统参数变化对分岔点的影响，并进行了仿真验证。仿真结果清晰地显示了输入整流电压的幅值变化对系统分岔点的影响。 Abstract: In order to better understand the dynamics characteristic of power factor correction converter based on UC3854A， and make the way that parameters change influences the bifurcation phenomena of the system clearly. The math model of the two closed loop circuits to the Boost PFC （Power Factor Correction） converter controller was built. Then， with the help of Matlab， the simulation for nonlinear phenomena such as chaos and slow-scale bifurcation in the PFC converter was made. Finally the factors that have influence to the phenomenon of bifurcation under slow-scale in PFC converter were analyzed. The simulation results clearly show the parameters change influences the bifurcation point of the system.
上传时间： 2013-10-17
上传用户：杜莹12345
The PCA9536 is an 8-pin CMOS device that provides 4 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-10-27
上传用户：w230825hy
The PCA9534 is a 16-pin CMOS device that provide 8 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/O configuration, 400 kHz clock frequency, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-11-17
上传用户：vodssv
at91rm9200启动过程教程 系统上电，检测BMS，选择系统的启动方式，如果BMS为高电平，则系统从片内ROM启动。AT91RM9200的ROM上电后被映射到了0x0和0x100000处，在这两个地址处都可以访问到ROM。由于9200的ROM中固化了一个BOOTLOAER程序。所以PC从0X0处开始执行这个BOOTLOAER(准确的说应该是一级BOOTLOADER)。这个BOOTLOER依次完成以下步骤： 1、PLL SETUP，设置PLLB产生48M时钟频率提供给USB DEVICE。同时DEBUG USART也被初始化为48M的时钟频率； 2、相应模式下的堆栈设置； 3、检测主时钟源（Main oscillator）； 4、中断控制器（AIC）的设置； 5、C 变量的初始化； 6、跳到主函数。 完成以上步骤后，我们可以认为BOOT过程结束，接下来的就是LOADER的过程，或者也可以认为是装载二级BOOTLOER。AT91RM9200按照DATAFLASH、EEPROM、连接在外部总线上的8位并行FLASH的顺序依次来找合法的BOOT程序。所谓合法的指的是在这些存储设备的开始地址处连续的存放的32个字节，也就是8条指令必须是跳转指令或者装载PC的指令，其实这样规定就是把这8条指令当作是异常向量表来处理。必须注意的是第6条指令要包含将要装载的映像的大小。关于如何计算和写这条指令可以参考用户手册。一旦合法的映像找到之后，则BOOT程序会把找到的映像搬到SRAM中去，所以映像的大小是非常有限的，不能超过16K-3K的大小。当BOOT程序完成了把合法的映像搬到SRAM的任务以后，接下来就进行存储器的REMAP，经过REMAP之后，SRAM从映设前的0X200000地址处被映设到了0X0地址并且程序从0X0处开始执行。而ROM这时只能在0X100000这个地址处看到了。至此9200就算完成了一种形式的启动过程。如果BOOT程序在以上所列的几种存储设备中找到合法的映像，则自动初始化DEBUG USART口和USB DEVICE口以准备从外部载入映像。对DEBUG口的初始化包括设置参数115200 8 N 1以及运行XMODEM协议。对USB DEVICE进行初始化以及运行DFU协议。现在用户可以从外部（假定为PC平台）载入你的映像了。在PC平台下，以WIN2000为例，你可以用超级终端来完成这个功能，但是还是要注意你的映像的大小不能超过13K。一旦正确从外部装载了映像，接下来的过程就是和前面一样重映设然后执行映像了。我们上面讲了BMS为高电平，AT91RM9200选择从片内的ROM启动的一个过程。如果BMS为低电平，则AT91RM9200会从片外的FLASH启动，这时片外的FLASH的起始地址就是0X0了，接下来的过程和片内启动的过程是一样的，只不过这时就需要自己写启动代码了，至于怎么写，大致的内容和ROM的BOOT差不多，不同的硬件设计可能有不一样的地方，但基本的都是一样的。由于片外FLASH可以设计的大，所以这里编写的BOOTLOADER可以一步到位，也就是说不用像片内启动可能需要BOOT好几级了，目前AT91RM9200上使用较多的bootloer是u-boot，这是一个开放源代码的软件，用户可以自由下载并根据自己的应用配置。总的说来，笔者以为AT91RM9200的启动过程比较简单，ATMEL的服务也不错，不但提供了片内启动的功能，还提供了UBOOT可供下载。笔者写了一个BOOTLODER从片外的FLASHA启动，效果还可以。 uboot结构与使用uboot是一个庞大的公开源码的软件。他支持一些系列的arm体系，包含常见的外设的驱动，是一个功能强大的板极支持包。其代码可以 http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot下载 在9200上，为了启动uboot，还有两个boot软件包，分别是loader和boot。分别完成从sram和flash中的一级boot。其源码可以从atmel的官方网站下载。 我们知道，当9200系统上电后，如果bms为高电平，则系统从片内rom启动，这时rom中固化的boot程序初始化了debug口并向其发送'c'，这时我们打开超级终端会看到ccccc...。这说明系统已经启动，同时xmodem协议已经启动，用户可以通过超级终端下载用户的bootloader。作为第一步，我们下载loader.bin.loader.bin将被下载到片内的sram中。这个loder完成的功能主要是初始化时钟，sdram和xmodem协议，为下载和启动uboot做准备。当下载了loader.bin后，超级终端会继续打印：ccccc....。这时我们就可以下在uboot了。uboot将被下载到sdram中的一个地址后并把pc指针调到此处开始执行uboot。接着我们就可以在终端上看到uboot的shell启动了，提示符uboot>，用户可以uboot>help 看到命令列表和大概的功能。uboot的命令包含了对内存、flash、网络、系统启动等一些命令。 如果系统上电时bms为低电平，则系统从片外的flash启动。为了从片外的flash启动uboot,我们必须把boot.bin放到0x0地址出，使得从flash启动后首先执行boot.bin，而要少些boot.bin，就要先完成上面我们讲的那些步骤，首先开始从片内rom启动uboot。然后再利用uboot的功能完成把boot.bin和uboot.gz烧写到flash中的目的，假如我们已经启动了uboot,可以这样操作： uboot>protect off all uboot>erase all uboot>loadb 20000000 uboot>cp.b 20000000 10000000 5fff uboot>loadb 21000000 uboot>cp.b 210000000 10010000 ffff 然后系统复位，就可以看到系统先启动boot，然后解压缩uboot.gz，然后启动uboot。注意，这里uboot必须压缩成.gz文件，否则会出错。 怎么编译这三个源码包呢，首先要建立一个arm的交叉编译环境，关于如何建立，此处不予说明。建立好了以后，分别解压源码包，然后修改Makefile中的编译器项目，正确填写你的编译器的所在路径。 对loader和boot，直接make。对uboot,第一步：make_at91rm9200dk,第二步：make。这样就会在当前目录下分别生成*.bin文件,对于uboot.bin，我们还要压缩成.gz文件。 也许有的人对loader和boot搞不清楚为什么要两个，有什么区别吗？首先有区别，boot主要完成从flash中启动uboot的功能，他要对uboot的压缩文件进行解压，除此之外，他和loader并无大的区别，你可以把boot理解为在loader的基础上加入了解压缩.gz的功能而已。所以这两个并无多大的本质不同，只是他们的使命不同而已。 特别说名的是这三个软件包都是开放源码的，所以用户可以根据自己的系统的情况修改和配置以及裁减，打造属于自己系统的bootloder。
上传时间： 2013-10-27
上传用户：wsf950131
The PCA9534 is a 16-pin CMOS device that provide 8 bits of General Purpose parallel Input/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed to enhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvements include higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/O configuration, 400 kHz clock frequency, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution when additional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.
上传时间： 2013-10-10
上传用户：inwins
